INDEX 
Endosperm, 40; in Bean type of seeds, 
58, 59*; of Buckwheat and Flax 
type of seeds, 60, 60*; of Corn, 
44; of Cycads, 449, 449*; in Grass 
type of seeds, 62; in hybrid Corn, 
51, 51*; kinds in Corn, 63, 64, 
63*; of Oats, 45; of Shepherd’s 
Purse, 466*; of Tomato, 43*; in- 
heritance, 548*, 549*; location 
in seed, 58, 60, 468. 
Endosperm nucleus, 40, 38*, 39*, 40*. 
Envelopes of the flower, 11. 
Enzymes, 93, 284. 
Epidermis, as an absorptive structure, 
145, 146*; cellular structure, 
246*, 247*, 250*; as a protective 
structure, 127, 127*; of leaves, 
245; modifications for protection, 
266, 266*. 
Epigaea, 490. 
Epigynous flowers, 15, 15*. 
Epiphytes, 163. 
Equisetales, 435-438. 
Equisetum arvense, 435, 436*, 438; 
palustre, 435; pratense, 435. 
Erect stems, 172. 
Ergot, 369, 370, 371* 
Ericaceae, 489. 
Essential organs of the flower, 11. 
Etiolation, 220. 
Evolution, plant, 2, 290; meaning and 
theories, 513-524; experimental, 
524-535. 
Euglena gracilis, 230, 230*. 
Euphorbiaceae, 486, 486*. 
Eusporangiates, 430. 
Excretions of roots, 161. 
Excurrent stem, 168, 168*. 
Exogenous stems, 197. 
Explosive mechanisms of seeds, 87, 
87*. 
Exposure of leaves to light, 237. 
Factors, ecological, 501-504; in- 
fluencing the direction of growth 
in roots, 150, 151*; influencing 
photosynthesis, 257-260; that 
hinder absorption by roots, 159. 
573 
Families, in classification, 291; Cat- 
tail, 495; Composite, 492; Beech 
and Oak, 476; Birch, 475; Buck- 
wheat, 478; Buttercup, 481; Elm, 
478; Goosefoot, 480; Gourd, 492; 
Grass, 495; Heath, 489; Lily, 
498; Madder, 492; Mallow, 487; 
Maple, 487; Mustard, 482; Night- 
shade, 491; Orchid, 494; Palm, 
497; Parsley, 488; Pea, 484; 
Pink, 480; Rose, 483; Spurge, 
486; Sweet Potato, 490; Walnut, 
474; Willow, 473. 
Farm Crops, 1, 4. 
Fascicled root system, 140, 140*. 
Fats, 277. 
Fatty oils, 279. 
Female gametophyte, of Angio- 
sperms, 463, 464*, 465*; of 
Cycads, 448, 449*; of Equise- 
tum, 438, 438*; of Pines, 455, 
455*; of Selaginella, 442, 443*. 
Fermentation, 122; Bacteria of, 345, 
345*. 
Fern gametophyte, 431, 432*, 433* 
Fern plants, 292; described, 425-444; 
life cycle, 433*. 
Fertilization, 41; described, 42, 42*; 
‘double, 43; effect, 50; in Algae, 
302; in Angiosperms, 464; in 
Cycads, 450; in Pines, 456. 
Fibrous root system, 138, 138* 
Field Dodder, seeds, 75*. 
Filament of stamen, 41, 41*. 
Filicales, 426-435. 
Fitness for environment, 520. 
Flagellates, 329. 
Flax family, 486. 
Flower buds, 207. 
Flowers, gencral characteristics, 9; 
apetalous, 13, 11*; arrangement, 
26-32; as structures peculiar to 
Angiosperms, 459; of Bean 
family, 23, 23*; of Beech family, 
476, 476*; of Birch family, 475, 
475*; color, 10; of Buckwheat 
family, 478*, 479*, complete, 13, 
10*; of Composites, 24, 24*; of 
