if small, then of a grayish-white color and finally hardens into a depressed scab, while the remain- 

 ing part of the berry will Hve and ripen. Prompt and thorough application of Bordeaux at the 

 approach of such weather as favors its attacks will ward it off. 



Black Rot. {Guignardia Bidwellii.) 



Black Rot prevails everywhere east of the Rocky Mountains, where the weather in May 

 and June is moist and sultry. A vineyard' planted in a new place some distance from where other 

 vineyards exist or have recently existed, will for one or two years show little or no Black Rot, 

 but by the third year, it will be found on almost all Vinifera varieties and their hybrids, if in 

 the vinej^ard, and even Concord will be attacked, but most native varieties in cultivation, such 

 as Norton, Ives, Perkins, Dracut, will escape. Delaware, though a hybrid combination, resists it, 

 altho its foliage is quite sensitive to Downy Mildew. But in a few years longer, if the vine- 

 yard remain untreated, and the vines become a little weakened by bearing and the vineyard 

 thoroly infested, all varieties will be more or less attacked by the Black Rot, especially if 

 the season is very favorable for its growth, and from then on the vineyard is worthless, unless 

 renovated by thoro spraying with the copper solutions. 



The parasite in spring first shows itself on the upper side of leaves in reddish-brown circular 

 spots, one-eighth to one-half inch in diameter, having a ring of minute black pustules, barely 

 visible to the eye, near the outer part of the brown spot. The pustules eventually open and dis- 

 charge thousands of microscopic spores, to fly in the air to other leaves and the young fruit. If 

 this first crop of spores on the foliage is prevented by early spraying, the after attacks will be 

 greatly reduced and easily controlled. The fruit when attacked, first shows a mere puncture 

 point around which a whitish bHster grows in circular form, that turns brown and then black, 

 spreading over th^ berry entirely, and the berry shrivels and dries hard, remaining attached to 

 cluster, the minute black pustule.s appearing all over the berry. 



There is no cure after the fungus has once penetrated the berry. The spray must beat the 

 germ to the leaf and berry and then, when the spore ahghts, the copper compound prevents it 

 from germinating. That is the prime essential in spraying. Get there first! The last crop of 

 rot spores are larger and thicker in cell-wall than the first in the season, and can endure freezing 

 without damage; remain sticking to the old mummy berries, the vines, the wires and posts of 

 trellis and on the ground, thru winter, ready to fly in the wind or be washed onto the foliage the 

 next spring and start new growth. This suggests sprajdng in winter or early spring before growth 

 starts. Such spray should be a simple solution of Bluestone (copper sulphate), 1 pound to 25 

 gallons of water, thoroly sprayed over all parts of the vines and trellis and on the surface of 

 ground in vineyard. Such spraying is equally good, against winter spores of other fungi, but it 

 cannot be used on foliage as it will burn it. The next spraying should be with Bordeaux just 

 before blooming time, to catch the Black Rot and other fungi on young foliage, and the third 

 application as soon as the grapes are out of bloom. A fourth some nine days later will be 

 necessary if the vineyard is badly infested. 



A Universal Treatment Against Fungi and Insects, Preying Upon Grapes 



It will be noticed by the careful reader that for each insect and fungus, I have recommended 

 the same remedies in nearly every case. Bordeaux itself is very offensive to the insects and 

 actually destructive to some, especially their eggs, and a universal preventive of fungus- germi- 

 nation when in contact, and all the insects worthy of serious attention, except the leaf-hopper 

 and berry worms, are destroyed by arsenical poisons on the foHage, hence one general Hne of 

 treatment suffices for all. It is as follows: 



1. With simple solution of bluestone, one pound to twenty-five gallons of water, spray the 

 trellises in every part, the vines and the ground in vineyard, thoroly, early in winter, or at 

 any rate before buds push. 



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