92 THE FORESTS OF RUSSIA IN EUROPE 



for consideration by local administrations or private 

 persons. Joint Forestry Advisers are maintained by 

 the State, each with his own area of operations, to 

 advise private proprietors as to the management of 

 their properties and to aid them in preparing plans of 

 management for these areas. Seed and young plants 

 are sold to private owners at reduced rates. Expert 

 foresters engaged by private proprietors to manage 

 their woods have been placed on a similar scale of salary 

 and promotion to that enjoyed by State forest 

 officers and are rewarded in the same manner with 

 State honours and distinctions. Forestry Institutes 

 and Colleges are maintained for the proper training of 

 the upper and lower forestry staffs. The Forestry 

 Institute at Petrograd for the training of the upper 

 controlling staff, a magnificently equipped forestry 

 building, the largest in Europe, has been in existence 

 for over a century. Research work is carried out at 

 experimental stations, and several Forestry Societies 

 are in existence. 



The first systematic plans of exploitation of the 

 forests of Russia- were made for those in the mineral 

 districts in 1840. Since then very large areas of woods 

 have been brought under proper forest management. 

 The general rotations are from 80 to 100 years for 

 high forests, and 30 to 60 for coppice. Where 

 possible felled areas are naturally regenerated, i.e. 

 restocked from seed falling from a few trees left stand- 

 ing per acre for the purpose. Latterly, however, 

 artificial re-stocking by planting up with young plants 

 or by sowing seed direct upon the area is being more 

 and more resorted to. Considerable attention is being 



