HOW TO KNOW THE BUTTERFLIES 



The short-tailed papilio resembles the black swal- 

 low-tail in almost every particular except that the 

 female may have orange instead of yellow mark- 

 ings and that in both sexes the tails are reduced 

 to mere points. It is as if the butterfly in the 

 short northern season was obliged to economize 

 somewhere and so gives up the luxury of swallow- 

 tails. The caterpillar has learned to cope with 

 the climatic conditions and hides itself among 

 the leaves during the cold nights ; and it gets 

 thoroughly warmed by day by sunning itself on 

 the stones and coarse gravel which become 

 heated by the midday sun. 



The Black Swallow-tail 

 Papilio folyxenes (Pa-pil'i-o po-lyx'e-nes) 



Plate IV, Fig. 4; Plate X; and Plate XI 



The wings are black, crossed with two rows of yellow spots, 

 and with marginal lunules of the same color. The two rows of 

 spots are much more distinct in the male (Plate IV, Fig. 4) than 

 in the female (Plate X), the inner row on the hind wing forming 

 a continuous band crossed with black lines on the veins. Be- 

 tween the two rows of spots on the hind wings there are many 

 blue scales ; these are more abundant in the female. Near 

 the anal angle of the hind wing there is an orange spot with 

 a black center. On the lower surface of the wings the yellow 

 markings become mostly orange and are heavier. 



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