2 SOUTH AFRICAN BOTANY 
incised the leaf is said to be TriprnnatE. If a palmate 
leaf has two leaflets it is said to be Binars, if three, 
TrrNate, if more MuntirouiaTe. If a simple leaf is 
incised so that there is a large rounded terminal divi- 
sion and the lobes become smaller towards the base it 
is said to be Lryrars (fig. 48 c). If the terminal divi- 
sion 1s pointed and the other lobes point backwards the 
leaf is said to be RuNcINATE (fig. 43 a). 
If a palmatifid leaf has the lobes again divided it is 
spoken of as a PEpate leaf. 
41. Modifications of Foliage Leaves.—(a) Leaf Ten- 
drils—In some plants, especially among the Papilio- 
naceae, the leaf or leaflets are modified into delicate 
tendrils which enable the plant to cling to a support. 
(b) Phyllodes (fig. 89).—In some Australian species of 
Acacia, the leaf petioles become flattened and leaf-like 
and take on the functions of the undeveloped laminae. 
The surfaces are expanded perpendicularly instead of 
horizontally. This is a modification which enables the 
plant to reduce excessive transpiration owing to the 
perpendicular position and reduced surface. 
(c) Leaf Thorns.—In the Barberry whole leaves be- 
come transformed into thorns, but still subtend axillary 
shoots bearing leaves, thus proving their leaf origin. In 
the Robinia pseudacacia, the stipules become modified 
into thorns. In Acacia horrida (Mimosa or Doornboom) 
the long white thorny stipules are very conspicuous; in 
the young leaves they are soft and succulent, but harden 
and dry as they grow older. 
(d) Pitchers, Bladders, ete-—Some of the leaves of 
NEPENTHES ROBUSTA have become modified into pitch- 
