110 SOUTH AFRICAN BOTANY 
large quantities of dry powdery pollen, and have large 
hairy stigmas. Many flowers which are wind pollinated 
come out before the leaves, so that the pollen grains have 
free access to the stigmas, e.g. Hazel, Oak; others, eg. 
Mealie, have the inflorescence well above the vegetative 
shoot. Wind-pollinated flowers found in South Africa 
are the Gramineae, the Coniferae, Casuarina, Quercus, 
and many others, 
76. Entomophilous Flowers.—Entomophilous (insect 
pollinated) and ornithophilous (bird pollinated) flowers 
are far more numerous. They usually have large, con- 
spicuous and highly coloured corollas, or are arranged in 
showy inflorescences. Some, e.g. Bougainvillea and 
Poinsettia have large highly coloured bracts, others, e.g. 
Mimosa, make themselves attractive to insects by their 
conspicuous and numerous stamens. Many are sweetly 
scented, and secrete honey. Often the corolla is modified, 
and the honey secreted in such a way that an insect 
cannot reach it without touching either the stamens or 
the stigma, or both. 
Entomophilous flowers have usually sticky stigmas, 
and do not produce much pollen. Some, which depend 
on moths, either open at night or emit their scent at 
night, and are white or pale yellow in colour, eg. 
Nicotiana, Oenothera. A special arrangement between 
flower and insect is found in Yucca and Ficus. In the 
tropical parts of South Africa are many bird-pollinated 
flowers, one of the best known being the Kaffir boom 
(Erythrina). 
Some entomophilous flowers instead of secreting 
honey produce large quantities of pollen. Some of this 
