196 SOUTH AFRICAN BOTANY 
Daisy), Aster, Helichrysum, Xanthium, Zinnia, Hel1- 
anthus (Sunflower), Dahlia, Bidens (Black Jack), Chrys- 
anthemum, Senecio (fig. 108), Calendula (Marigold), 
Centaurea (Cornflower), Gerbera (fig. 109), and many 
others. 
The Liguliflorae are not so numerous, the best known 
are Sonchus (the Sow-thistle) and Chicorium (Chicory). 
160. N. O. Liliaceae.—Mostly herbs; a few shrubs or 
trees are found. The flowers are regular—Perianth 
3 + 3, hypogynous, androecium 3 + 3, gynoecium 3, syn- 
carpous superior. Fruit a capsule, or a berry. 
Type.—Aloe.—Shrubby succulent plants, with thick 
fleshy leaves arranged in dense rosettes. 
Inflorescence.—A raceme. 
Flower.—Regular, complete, bracteate. 
Perianth—Gamophyllous, 3 outer and 8 inner petals, 
pointed at top, flame coloured, hypogynous, honey at 
the base of the perianth tube. 
Androecium.—sd +3 stamens, free, hypogynous; 
anthers dorsifixed, introrse, 2 lobed, filaments long and 
white. 
Gynoeciun.—s8 carpels—syncarpous, superior, style 
long, stigma terminal, ovary 3-celled, ovules numerous, 
axile placentation. 
Fruit.—A capsule. 
Other Genera Belonging to the Order. 
.lsparagus.—Some species are thorny shrubs (Wacht 
een bietje), others, climbing plants. The leaves are re- 
duced to scales or thorns, the stems becoming leaf-like 
(Cladodes). One species, often called Smilax, is much 
used for table decorations. The real Smilax is another 
