I'REFACE. XV 



lative in independency of development and elemental grade with 

 the ' neiirapophysis,' — a fact of high generalisation not only 

 ignored but impliedly contradicted by the reckoning of the 

 ' vertebral rib ' and the ' sternal rib,' or ' rib-cartilage,' as bones 

 distinct from, and countable with, that which the anthropotomist 

 equally holds to be a single bone under the name ' vertebra.' 

 Furthermore, as each distinctly recognisable part or thing must 

 have its verbal sign, for the purposes of intelligible predication of 

 its nature and qualities, the course of knowledge of the vertebral 

 column would have enforced the origination of such signs irre- 

 spective of the abstract need of improving the mental tools oi' 

 anatomy. 



When it came to be discovered that ' the transverse process 

 of a cervical vertebra ' Avas other, and more than, as well as 

 formally different from, the ' transverse jn-ocess of a dorsal ver- 

 tebra,' and that this process Avas a different thing from the 

 ' transverse process ' of a ' lumbar ' or ' sacral ' vertebra, the re- 

 sults of such analysis necessitated the creation of a correspondent 

 nomenclature. 



' Transverse processes,' as such, ai-e, as Johannes Mullek 

 first pointed out, of tAvo kinds ; they are, in relation to hori- 

 zontally disposed vertebrates, ' upper ' and ' lower ' — in our no- 

 menclature, ' diapophyses ' and ' parapophyses.' Both kinds exist 

 in the ' transverse processes ' of the neck from the crocodile 

 upwards ; and the seeming unity of the outstanding jiart in 

 birds and mammals is caused by the soldering thereto of a third 

 element — the ' cervical rib ' of the herpetotomist, the ' styloid 

 process' of the ornithotomist.' 



Referring to the ' Introductory Chapter ' of the ' Archetype 

 of the Vertebrate Skeleton,'^ for further illustrations of the 

 advantage of single Avell-defined terms, I will here only show 

 hoAV such advantage may be affected by reason of an unsettled 

 definition. 



The anatomical term ' organ ' has diverse significations. The 



I Macartney, Art, 'Birds,' Ecfs' Cyclopwdia. ' Op. cit. 



