80 



ANATOMY OF VEIiTEBEATES. 



condyles, processes extend Ijackward from each side of the occi- 

 pital foramen and clasp, as it were, the bodies of three or four 

 anterior vertebras of the trunk. The pterygoidean arches extend 

 outward, in Carcliarias, from the base of the cranium, l^ut, as in 

 embryo osseous fishes, are confluent therewith at both ends. The 

 maxillary arch, suspended near its closed anterior extremity to 



64 



Skate tTfiiHi liaVii) 



the vomerine part of the liase of the skull, is thence extended 

 l^ackward to tlie articulation of tlie lower jaw. A simple carti- 

 laginous pedicle forms tlie upper part (plcurapophysis) of the 

 mandiljular arch, which is completed below by tlie lower jaw. A 

 few cartilaginous rays di\crgc t)utward and l.iackward from the 

 pedicle, and support a small oiiercular flap or fin. The hyoid 



