106 



ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATES. 



fishes we find, after the stj'lohyal 33, the epihyal 39, the cerato- 

 hyal 40, and basihyal 41 ; to which may be articulated a glosso- 

 hyal 42, and a urohyal 43 : this is a large compressed lamelli- 

 form bone in the Perch. Seven branchiostegal rays, 44, are 

 articulated to the epi- and cerato-hyals. Four branchial arches 

 are attached to the base of the cranium. The first consists of the 

 ceratobranchial, 47, and epll^ranchial, 48, elements : both of which 

 support a series of jirocesses, 63, directed towards the cavity of 

 the mouth and defending the entry to the branchial fissures. The 

 second and third arches are connected aljove by the pharyngo- 



85 



Hyobrancliial and scamilar avdios, rerch l^c)■c^J^m•iatiUs^ 



branchial elements, 49, to the cranium; and these elements usually 

 support teeth. The gills arc attached to grooves on the outer 

 side of the ei>i- and cerato-ljranchials ; the' arches being closed 

 below by the ' basibrancluals ' which are attached to the hyoid. 

 The suprascapula, 50, is attached by its lower branch to the basi- 

 occipital, and by its upjjcr one 'to the iiaroecipital, 4. The 

 scapula, 51, supi)orts the eoracoid, 52, to which the clavicle, bs, is 

 attached, the relative j^osition ol' whicli to the eoracoid becomes 

 changed as the scapular arch is detached from its natural con- 



