MYOLOGY OF FISHES. 200 



the Anglei- (Lophius) the levator is enormous, forming tlie wall 

 of the capacious reservoir on each side and behind the gills, and 

 uniting extensively with its fellow at and beyond the urohyal : 

 each long branchiostegal ray has, likewise, its peculiar muscles, 

 originating from the sui)porting arch. In the Aii/juilUdce the 

 isthmal vmion or raphe of the levatores reaches from the basi- 

 ancl uro-liyals to the coracoid. 



The l^ranchial arches are supplied with muscles attaching them 

 to surrounding parts, or passing from one part to anotlier of the 

 arch itself. 



The branehi-levatores, fig. 137, 3, arise from the allsphenoid and 

 divide into four fasciculi, respectively inserted into the epibran- 

 chlal of its own arch. The vMsto-hrancldulis, ib. 2fi, arises from 

 the extremity of the mastoid, and divides into two fasciculi, one 

 i7iserted into the foiu-th epibranchial, the other into the third 

 pharyngol^ ranch ial and the contiguous part of the pharynx. 



The brauchl-retractorcs consist of two fasciculi, one superior, 

 fig. 137, 37, which arises from the upper half of the coracoid, 

 passing horizontally to its insertion : the other inferior, ib. 32, 

 passing from the lower part of the coracoid obli(j^uely upward : 

 they retract and partly depress the branchial arches. 



The hrancld-dejjrcssor, fig. 137, 35, arises from the basihyal and 

 ascends obliquely backward to its insertion into the cerato- 

 branchials : it is the more direct antagonist of the levatores. 



The protractor scapula;, fig. 1 34, e, arises from the back ] lart of 

 the masto-parietal ridge, and is inserted into the coarticulated 

 parts of the suprascapula and scapula. The middle portion of the 

 great lateral muscle, ib. g, li, serves, by its insertion, as a retractor 

 scapiilcE. The corresjionding insertion of the lower portion of the 

 great muscle into the coracoid retracts that part of the scapulo- 

 coracoid arch, and is so modified as to have received the name 

 syjjcoracoideus, ib. a, fig. 131,/'. 



The muscles of the pectoral fiji form a pair, in two layers, on 

 both the outer and inner sides of its antibrachio-earpal base : and 

 the fibres of one layer run obliquely in a different direction from 

 those of the other layer in both pairs of muscles. The outer pair 

 abducts or protracts the fin, the inner pair adducts or retracts it, 

 sweeping it back into contact with the flank : the first movement 

 might be called 'extension,' the second, 'flexion.' The superficial 

 abductor, fig. 134, 14, arises from the upper and outer part of the 

 coracoid ; it tends to elevate as well as extend the pectoral : the 

 deep abductor, fig. 137, 15, comes from the outer border of the 

 lower part of the coracoid ; it depresses as well as extends the fin. 



VOL. I. P 



