344 



ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATES. 



228 



Organ of hearing, Skate. LXA'ill, 



the Lepiclosiren, in wliicli, as well as in the Plagiostomes, the 

 whole labyrinth is buried in the thick basi-lateral walls of the 

 cranivnii. In Plagiostomes the capsule conforms more closely in 

 size and configuration to the membranous 

 labyi-inth; its passages and compartments 

 are lined by a delicate perichondrium, from 

 which filaments are detached to support 

 the semicircular canal. The vestibule is 

 divided in the Skate and Tope into three 

 compartments, — the ' alveus communis,' 

 fig. 228, « ; the sac, ib. b, and the cysticule, 

 ib. c ; and it has also a small ca3cal append- 

 age, called the ' utricule,' ib. d : the otolitic 

 contents are like soft chalk, and are dis- 

 posed in two masses ; one very large, occu- 

 pying the sac and the cysticule, the other 

 small, and lodged in the utricule. A canal extends in Sharks 

 from tlie vestibular capsule to a foramen at the upper part of 

 the occiput, which is closed by the skin. In the Pays, besides 

 this ' fenestra capsula3,' ib. v, a membranous canal, ib. o, p, is pro- 

 duced from the vestibule itself, and, as Hunter well describes, 

 ' from the union of the two perpendicular canals, fig. 228, p ; 

 which is the case with all the Ray kind, the external orifice 

 ])eing small, and placed on the upper flat surface of the head.' 

 So minute and approximated are these ' outer ears,' ' that Scarpa 

 may be pardoned for overlooking them, though scarcely for 

 the warmth with which he repudiates their existence.^ The 

 '■'meatus vestibuli' is provided at its bent extremity, fig. 228, o, 

 witli a special muscle, ib. u\ 



A true tympanic cavity and membrane, together with a cochlea, 

 are absent in all Fishes. But in many osseous sjiecies a com- 

 munication is established, either by tubular prolongations, or by 

 chains of ossicles, between the acoustic labyrinth and the air- 

 bladder. Weber ^ discovered the latter interesting structure in 

 the Carp, Loach, and Sheat-fish. A canal is sent from the sac of 

 each vestibule, fig. 229, h, to a common 'sinus impai-,' ib. //, in 

 the substance of the basi-occipital ; this communicates on each 



' xcn. p. 296. Hunter's ovigiiinl memoir 'On tlic Organ of Iloaring in Fislics ' was 

 printed in tho volnnio of tlie Pliilosopliical Transactions for 1782, not, as Broscliet 

 states, in the year 1786. (lviii. p. TiS.) 



■^ 'Huntcrum antcm atqnc Monroum vehcmcnter super liac re sibi hallneinatos 

 fnisse.' (lx. jip. 1, 2.) 



