266 EARTB HEA'T: 



Next in importance to ' deep drainage, therefore, is deep tillage. 

 It supplements- drainage by often repeated exposure of a certain, 

 depth of soil to the action of the air and sun, by which its oxygena- 

 tion is carried on more rapidly than it can possibly be when not sa 

 exposed: ' - 



Earth Heat. — The earth grows warmer as we go down. If its 

 temperature were tested in winter; we should find an increasing^ 

 warmth with each foot of depth below the frost. The more porous- 

 and dry the sOil, the less depth it will fi-eeze, and the more rapid 

 the increase of temperature below the frost line. This explains why 

 gravelly subsoils make warm soils, and suggests that deep drain- 

 age is the most efficient means of providing for trees an equable^ 

 " bottom heat.'' 



In the northern States the range of earth-freezing is from one 

 to- three feet deep. It is not always deepest where the cold is- 

 greatest ; for where a considerable altitude makes the winters more 

 severe, the greater snow-falls are likely to husband the earth's 

 warmth as with a feathery blanket, so that the soil may be frozen 

 no deeper at Utica than at Philadelphia, But when the surface 

 protection is the same, altitude and latitude tell quickly on the 

 climate in its effect on trees. 



Roots at the surface of the ground are either torpid in their icy 

 encasement, or alternately thawed-out or frozen-in during four or 

 five months. Those a foot below the surface are ice-bound not 

 much more than half this time ; those two feet below, a third ; and 

 those three feet below, not at all. All the roots which are just 

 under the frost-line during any part of the winter, are in no colder 

 soil than the winter surface-soil of the Gulf States. Whether six 

 inches or three feet under the surface, where the ground is not ' 

 frozen, the roots maintain some action. 



The younger and smaller a tree or shrub, the nearer its roots, 

 are to the surface, and all its fluctuations and severities of tem- 

 perature ; and therefore the greater need of guarding against them. 

 The analogy between animals and plants is greater than most per- 

 sons suppose. " Keep your feet warm and dry, and you will not 

 be likely to take cold," is a trite piece of advice, because it is so 



