back when three to five feet high. If they are supported 

 they can make full growth and be cut back in the spring. 

 Many varieties, especially most of the black rasp- 

 berries or "black caps," fruit on the lateral or side 

 shoots thrown out by the main canes, and these should 

 be pruned back a third to a half early in the spring. 

 To sum up, in pruning the cane fruits: First, cut out 

 old canes as soon as they have fruited; second, cut out 

 down to the ground all but four or five of the new canes, 

 the earlier the better; third, cut back the new canes and 

 their side shoots a third or so in the winter or early 

 spring. 



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