HOW TO MAKE A BIBB8KIN. 37 



to tear if deftly handled ; yet a rent once started often enlarges to an embarrassing extent if 

 the skin be stretched in the least. Accidental rents and enlargements of shot-holes should be 

 neatly sewn up, if occurring in an exposed place ; but in most cases the plumage may be set 

 to hide the openings. The trogons are said to have remarkably thin and delicate skin; I have 

 never handled one in the flesh. Among our birds, the cardinal grosbeak and the species of 

 Caprimulgid(B have, I think, about the tenderest skins. The obvious indication in aU such 

 cases is simply a little extra deUeacy of manipulation. In skinning most bh'ds, you should 

 not loose more than a feather or two, excepting those loosened by the shot. Pigeons are 

 peculiar, among our birds, for the very loose insertion of their plumage ; you will have to be 

 particularly careful with them, and in spite of all your precautions a good many feathers will 

 probably drop. As stripping down the secondary quills from the forearm, in the manner 

 already indicated, will almost invariably set these feathers free from the skin, I recommend you 

 not to attempt it, but to dress the wings as prescribed for large birds. 



Fatness. — Pat is a substance abhorred of all dissectors ; always in the way, embarrass- 

 ing operations and obscuring observations ; whUe it is seldom worth examination after its 

 structure haa once been ascertained. It is particularly obnoxious to the taxidennist, since it 

 is liable to soil the plumage during skinning, and also to soak into the feathers afterwards ; 

 and greasy birdskins are never pleasing objects. A few birds never seem to have any fat ; 

 some, like petrels, are always oily ; at times, especially in the indolent autumn season, when 

 birds have little to do but feed, the great majority acquire an embowpomt doubtless to their own 

 satisfaction, but to the taxidermist's discomfort. In aU such cases gypsum should be lavishly 

 employed. Strew plaster plentifully, from the first cut all through the operation ; dip your 

 fingers in it frequently, as weU as your instruments. The invaluable absorbent wUl deal with 

 most of the "running" fat. When the skin is completely reversed, remove as much of the 

 solid fat as possible ; it is generally found occupying the areolar tissue of particular definite 

 tracts, and most of it may usually be peeled or flaked off in considerable masses. Since the 

 soft and oozy state of most birds' fat at ordinary temperatures may be much improved by cold, 

 it wiU repay you to leave your birds on ice for a while before skinning, if you have the means 

 and time to do so ; the fat will become quite firm. There is a device for preventing or at any 

 rate lessening the soiling of the plumage so apt to occur along the line of your incision ; it is 

 invaluable in all cases of white plumage. Take a strip of cloth of greater width than the 

 length of the feathers, long enough to go up one side of the cut and down the other. Sew 

 this closely to the skin aH around the cut, and it will form an apron to guard the plumage. 

 You will too frequently find that a bird, prepared without soiling and laid away apparently 

 safe, afterwards grows greasy ; if the plumage is white, it soon becomes worse than ever by 

 showing dust that the grease catches. Perhaps the majority of such birds in our museums 

 show the dirty streak along the beUy. The reason is, that the grease has oozed out along the 

 cut, or wherever else the skin has been broken, and infiltrated the plumage, being drawn up 

 apparently by capUlary attraction, just as a lampwick " sucks up " oil. Sometimes, without 

 obviously soiling the plumage, the grease will run along the thread that ties the label, and 

 make a uniformly transparent piece of " oil-paper." I have no remedy to offer for this gradual 

 infiltration of the plumage. It will not wash out, even with soap and water . Possibly careful 

 and persistent treatment with an ether might be effective, but I am not prepared to say it would 

 be. Eepioval of all fat that can be got off during skinning, with a liberal use of plaster, vriU 

 in a measure prevent a difficulty that remains incurable. 



Bloodstains, etc. — In the nature of the case, this complication is of continual occurrence; 

 fortunately it is easier dealt with than greasiness. Much may be done in the field to prevent 

 bloodying of the plumage, as already said. A little blood does not show much on a dark 



