THE ANATOMY OF BIRDS.— PNEUMATOLOGT. 207 



0, p, trachea, or windpipe ; q, inferior larynx, or syrinx ; r, r, right and left bronchus : ss, sSt contractor muscles 

 of trachea ; t,t, lungs, with u, u, apertures communicating with thoracic air-cells ; v,VfV, three pairs .of muscular 

 slips answering to a rudimentary diaphragm j 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, T, as many ribs. — 2. Hyoid bone ; a, glosso-hyal, tipped 

 with cartilage, its posterior horns being oerato-hyals proper ; b, basi-hyal ; c, basi-branchial proper, commonly 

 called uro-hyal ; d, d, cerato-branchials proper, commonly called apo-hyals ; e, e, epibraucbials proper, commonly 

 called cerato-hyals, tipped with cartilage,/,/. —3. Glottis, or opening of trachea in the mouth; a, base of tongue; 

 B, 6, horns of hyoid bone ; c, rima glottidis, cleft or chink of the glottis ; d, a triangular vacuity ; e, an elastic liga- 

 ment ; d and e represent an epiglottis ; / /, a papillose surface. — 4. Larynx viewed from before (below); a, thy- 

 roid bone or cartilage.— 5. Larynx viewed from behind (above) ; a, thyroid bone ; b, b, Its appendages ; c, cricoid; 

 d, d, arytenoids; e, e, anterior border of thyroid, to which rf, d are connected by two arytenoid ligaments. —6. 

 Larynx viewed ftom right side ; a, thyroid ; b, appendage ; c, cricoid ; d, arytenoid ; /,/, cartilage attached to ary- 

 tenoid; ff,a tracheal ring. —7. Larynx viewed from behind ; a, thyroid; 2i, &, its appendages ; c, cricoid; d,d, ary- 

 tenoids. — 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. Muscles of the larynx ; 1, 1 (fig, 8), thyro-hyoids ; 2, 2 (fig. 9), thyro-arytenoids, or openers 

 of the glottis ; 3,3 (fig. 10), oblique arytenoids; 4, 4 (fig. 11), thyro-cricoids; 5,5 (figs. 11 and 12), posterior thyro- 

 cricoids. — 13. Bifurcation of trachea ; aba^ last entire tracheal ring. — 14. Last entire tracheal ring, viewed &om 

 below, crossed by the pessulus. — 15. Bifurcation of trachea, and bronchi, viewed fi'om below ; a, pessulus, the 

 bolt-bar, or " bone of divarication " ; 6, b, next succeeding tracheal half-rings. — 16. a, b, c, d, inferior laryngeal 

 or syringeal muscles, not well made out in this figure; see text. But the typical oscine arrangement (acromyo- 

 dian) is perceived, inasmuch as anterior (a) and posterior (d) intrinsic muscular masses go to ends of the first 

 tracheal half-ring, at b and c ; the extrinsic slip e passing to sternum ; compare fig. 1, at q. — 17. Trachea, etc., of 

 the nightingale, nat. size. (Compare figs. 3, 67, 72, 73, 74.) 



The Song of Birds unlocks the great secret of Genesis to those who can hear the key- 

 note. It is the closest approach, in animate nature, to the ringing of the hydrogen beUs in the 

 physics of light. The musical instrument figured (101, i'^) is the identical pipe the " great god 

 Pan " first fashioned for a legacy to all time, as so sweetly said by Mrs. Browning : — 



" He tore out a reed, the great god Fan, 



From the deep cool bed of the river. 

 The limpid water turbidly ran, 

 And the broken lilies a-dying lay. 

 And the dragon-fly had fled away, 



Ere he brought it out of the river. 



" ' This is the way,' laughed the great god Pan, 

 (Laughed while he sate by the river ! ) 

 The only way since gods began 

 i.. To make sweet music, they could succeed.' 



Then dropping his mouth to a hole in the reed, 

 »■, He blew in power by the river 



" Sweet, sweet, sweet, O Pan, 



Piercing sweet by the river! 

 Blinding sweet, O great good Pan! 

 The sun on the hill forgot to die, 

 And the lilies revived, and the dragon-fly 



Came back to dream on the river." 



But the sad sequel, felt by Keats, when poor Psyche has seen and known, and Eros has 



found his wings : — 



" So did he feel who pulled the boughs aside, 

 That we might look into a forest wide. 

 To catch a glimpse of Fauns, and Dryades 

 Coming with softest rustle through the trees; 

 And garlands woven of flowers wild and sweet, 

 Upheld on ivory wrists, or sporting feet: 

 Telling us how fair trembling Syrinx fled 

 Arcadian Pan, with such a fearful dread. 

 Poor Nymph, — poor Pan, — how he did weep to find 

 Kaught but a lovely sighing of the wind 

 Along the reedy stream ! a half heard strain 

 Pull of sweet desolation, balmy pain." 



The blessed blue-bird, "bearing the sky upon her back," is burthened with the same 

 " light load of song " — 



