304 SYSTEMATIC SYNOPSIS.— PASSEBES—OSCINES. 



123. D. casta'aea. (Lat. castanea, a chestnut, in allusion to the color.) Bay-bkeasted Wak- 

 BLBR. (J , in spring : Back thickly streaked with hlaok and grayish-olive ; forehead a/nd sides 

 of head blaclc, enclosing a large deep chestnut patch ; a duller chestnut (exactly like a blue-bird's 

 breast) occupies the whole chin and throat and thence extends, more or less interrupted, along 

 the entire sides of the body; rest of under parts ochrey or buffy whitish ; a similar buffy area 

 behind the ears ; wing-bars and tail-spots ordinary ; bill and feet blackish. 9 , in spring : 

 More olivaceous than the male, with the markings less pronounced ; but always shows evident 

 chestnut coloration : and probably traces of it persist in all adult birds in the fall. The young, 

 however, so closely resemble young striata, that it is sometimes impossible to distinguish them 

 with certainty. The upper parts, in fact, are of precisely the same greenish-olive, with black 

 streaks ; but there is generally a difference below — castanea being there tinged with buffy or 

 ochrey, instead of the clearer pale yellowish of striata ; this, shade is particularly observable on 

 belly, flanks, and under tail-coverts, just where striata is whitest ; and moreover, castanea is 

 usually not streaked on the sides at all. Mature spring birds vary interminably in the extent 

 and intensity of the chestnut. Size of striata. Eastern N. Am., north to Hudson's Bay, W. 

 to the edge of the Plains. Winters extralimital. Migratory in most of the U. S. Breeds 

 from northern New England northward. Nests moderately high in conifers, building a large 

 nest of twigs, tree-moss, rootlets, fur, etc. ; eggs 3-6, 0.70 X 0.52, bluish-green, profusely 

 spotted with browns and lilac. 



124. D. pennsylva'nica. (Of " Penn's woods"; sylva, a forest; sylvanus, sylvan. Pig. 167.) 

 Chestnut- SIDED Warbler. ^,in spring: Back streaked with black and pale yellow (some- 

 times ashy or whitish) ; whole crown pure yellow, immediately bordered with white, then 



enclosed with black ; sides of head and neck and whole under 

 parts pure white, former with an irregular black crescent before 

 the eye, one hom extending backward over the ey,e to border the 

 yellow crown and be dissipated on the sides of the nape, the other 

 reaching downward and backward to connect with a chain of pure 

 chestnut streaks that run the whole length of the body, the 

 under eyelid and auriculars being left white ; wing-bands gen- 

 erally fused into one large patch, and, like the edging of the inner 



secondaries, much tinged with yellow; tail-spots white, as usual; 

 Fig. 167. — Chestnut - sided , .,, , , , . , „ ^ i. „* • • r^ -^ • -i n 



Warbler, nat. size. (Ad nat. del. Ml blackish, feet brown. ? , in sprmg : Quite similar; colors 



E. 0.) less pure ; black loral crescent obscure or wanting ; chestnut 



streaks thinner. Young : Above, including the crown, clear yellowish-green, perfectly uniform, 

 or back with slight dusky touches ; no distinct head-markings ; below, entirely white from bill 

 to tail, unmarked, or else showing a trace of chestnut streaks on the sides ; wing-hamds clear 

 yellow as in the adult ; this is a diagnostic feature, shared by no other species, taken in con- 

 nection with the continuously white under parts ; bill light-colored below. Small : Length 

 4.S0-5.10 ; extent 7.75-8.10 ; wing 2.30-2.50 ; tail 2.00. Eastern U. S. and adjoining British 

 Provinces; west only to the edge of the Plains; winters extralimital; breeds abundantly in 

 Middle and Northern States; nests in forks of low saplings, shrubs, and bushes; eggs 4-5, 0.68 

 X 0.50, with the usual markings. A pretty species chained with chestnut on snowy ground. 



125. D. maculo'sa. (Lat. maculosa, full of spots ; macula, a spot. Fig. 168.) Black-and- 

 YELLOW Warbler. Magnolia. (J 9 , in spring : Back black, usually quite pure and unin- 



• terrupted in the $ , more or less mixed with olive in the 9 j rump yellow ; upper tail-coverts 

 black, often skirted with olive or ashy. Whole crown of head clear ash ; sides of head black, 

 including a very narrow frontlet ; the eyelids and a stripe behind the eye, between the ash and 

 black, white. Entire under parts rich yellow, excepting the white crissum, heavily streaked 

 with black across the breast and along the sides, the streaks on the breast so thick as to form a 

 nearly continuous black border to the immaculate yellow throat. Wings fuscous, with white 



