PICID^: WOODPECKERS. 481 



Outer web of outer tail-feather partly black-barred lucascmus 436 



Back black, not barred crosswise, but striped lengthwise with white : " pole-backs." 

 Outer tail-feathers wholly white. Length usually 9-10 inches. 



Greater coverts and inner secondaries profusely white-spotted villosus 438 



Greater coverts and inner secondaries sparsely or not white-spotted harrisi 439 



Outer tail-feathers barred with black. Length usually 6-7 inches. 



Greater coverts and inner secondaries profusely white-spotted pubescens 440 



Greater coverts and inner secondaries sparingly or not white-spotted gair{ineri 441 



433. P. borea'lis. (Lat. horealis, northern ; inappropriate for a U. S. species. Fig. 331.) Eed- 

 COCKADED Woodpecker. Body spotted and crosswise banded, but not streaked. Head 

 black on top, with a large silky white auricular 

 patch embracing the eye and extending on the side 

 of the neck, bordered above in the ^ by a scarlet 

 stripe not meeting its fellow on the nape; nasal 

 feathers and those on the side of the under jaw '^'^'^^^ 



white; black of the crown connected across the ^^^' 



lores with a black stripe running from the corner of 

 the bill down the side of the throat and neck to be l 



dissipated on the side of the breast in black spots Z.^'' 



continued less thickly along the whole side and on /W//w' 



the crissum; under parts otherwise soiled white. //■/' ' • ji^ 



Central tail-feathers black; others white, black- * •9PB8'^ 



barred. Back and wings barred with black and pis. 331. -Ked-cocka*ded Woodpecker, nat. size, 

 white, the larger quills and many coverts with the (Ad nat. del. E. C.) 



white bars resolved into paired spots. 9 lacking the red cockade. A peculiar isolated species; 

 wings longer and more pointed than usual in this genus; 3d quilllonger than 7th; spurious 

 primary very short ; bill smaller than usual, decidedly shorter than head. Length 8.00-8.50 ; 

 extent 14.00-15.00; wing 4.50-4.90; tail 3.35-3.75. Pine swamps and barrens of the S. 

 Atlantic and Gulf States ; N. to Pennsylvania. Eggs 0.95 X 0.70. 

 434. P. scala'ris. (Lat. scala/ris, ladder-like ; scala, a scale, flight of stairs, etc. ; alluding to the 

 black and white cro^s-bars on the back.) Texan Woodpecker. Entire back, from nape to 

 upper tail-coverts, barred across in black and white stripes of equal width ; a narrow space on 

 back of neck, upper tail-eoverts, arid 4 middle tail-feathers, entirely black ; wing-coverts vidth a 

 round white spot at end of each feather, and a hidden spot or pair of spots further along the 

 feather. Primaries regularly marked with white spots in pairs on the edges of the webs, those 

 on the outer webs small and angular, on the inner webs larger and more rounded ; on the 

 secondaries these spots changing to broken bars ; so that the primaries and coverts are spotted 

 alike, the secondaries and back barred alike. Crown black, speckled with white, in the (J 

 extensively crimson ; the feathers being black, specked vrith white, finally tipped with red, 

 which becomes continuous on the hind head, where the white specks cease. Side of head 

 white, with a long black stripe from biU under eye, widening behind, there joining a black 

 post-ocular stripe and spreading over side of neck. Nasal feathers smoky-brown. Under parts 

 ranging from soiled white to smoky-gray, with numerous black spots on sides, flanks and cris- 

 sum ; lateral tail-feathers perfectly barred with black and white in equal amounts. $ lacking 

 red on the crown. Small: length 7.00-7.50; extent 13.00 ; wing 3.50-4.00; tail 2.75-3.00 ; 

 bill 0.66-0.87. Southwestern U. S. and southward, abundant. It is obviously impossible, in 

 the cases of these profusely spotted woodpeckers, to frame a description which will meet every 

 case, without being too vague, or going into tedious particulars. The foregoing, taken from- 

 Rio Grande specimens, covers the usual stj'lc of the species as found along our southern border ; 

 but the student must not be surprised if I fail to account for every spot of the particular speci- 

 men he has in hand. 



31 



