150 THE LTSINS. 



about can be watched under the microscope in stained specimens. 

 The nuclei gradually lose the stain and undergo alterations in con- 

 tour and apparently in location, seeming to approach the edge of the 

 leucocyte. Finally the cell becomes more and more transparent 

 until it wholly disappears. Serum obtained by immunizing g;uinea- 

 pigs to emulsions of rabbit spleen dissolved the mononuclear and 

 polynuclear cells with equal rapidity, while the serum obtained by 

 inoculating guinea-pigs with bone marrow obtained from rabbits af- 

 fected most marke<Uy the polynuclear leucocytes. 



The marked resemblance between bacterial toxins and digestive 

 ferments has long been recognized and as early as 1893 Hildebrandt ' 

 immimized animals to emukin and diastase and demonstrated the 

 anti-fermentative action of their sera both in vitro and m vivo. He 

 injected into rabbits solutions of diastase and showed that the blood 

 taken from these animals had an anti-ferment action. The strength 

 of the antitoxic bodies obtained by him was not great and he was 

 able to secure only partial neutralization of the ferment in many in- 

 stances. He rendered a dog immune to emulsin by frequent sub- 

 cutaneous injections ; then produced in this animal a phloridzin dia^ 

 betes and fed the animal upon meat and starches. He found 

 that there was no marked thirst and the amount of urine eliminated 

 was not increased above the normal and the per cent, of sugar con- 

 tained in the urine was small, while companion animals in which 

 diabetes had been induced in the same manner showed great thirst, 

 eliminated a large amount of urine and excreted large quantities of 

 sugar. Von Dnngem ^ produced anti-enzymes by treating animals 

 with bacterial proteolytic enzymes and demonstrated the action of 

 the anti-body in tubes of gelatin. Gheorghiewski ^ immunized 

 animals to the bacUlus pyocyaneus and found that the serum of these 

 animals added to cultures of this bacillus prevented the formation 

 of the blue coloring matter characteristic of the germ and the for- 

 mation of which is dependent upon the presence of pepton. Mor- 

 genroth * immunized goats against rennet and obtained in the serum 

 of these animals a &irly active anti-rennet body. The specimen of 

 rennet which he used in inducing the immunization coagulated milk 

 when added to it in the proportion of 1 : 3,000,000 ; the strongest 

 anti-body that he could obtain when added to milk to the extent 

 of two per cent., prevented the action of rennet when added in the 

 proportion of 1 : 20,000, while 1 : 15,000 still induced coagulation. 

 From his studies he concludes that rennet resembles the bacterial 

 toxins and possesses a haptophorous and a zymophorons group, to the 

 latter of which the specific action of the ferment is due, and it is 



' Virdumfs Archiv, 131. 

 *Munehenermed. Wochmiehrift, 1898, 1040. 

 *AnnaUs deVInOUiU PaOew, 1899. 

 * CeTUralblattf. BakteriologU, 26. 



