HISTOEY 01" CEKEBKAL LOCALIZATION 419 



which depend upon memory of past experiences, that is, 

 intelligent responses. It shows no signs of fear or pleasure, 

 and while it responds to sensory stimuli, these responses 

 are purely reflex and not accompanied by true conscious- 

 ness. 



History of cerebral localization. — When it was estab- 

 lished that the cerebral cortex was the seat of psychical 

 activities, the question at once arose as to whether all 

 parts of the cortex were equally capable of exercising these 

 faculties, or whether different parts controlled specific 

 faculties. The idea of separate areas for separate func- 

 tions was first presented by Franz Joseph Gall, who divided 

 the cortex into areas of special activity, and put forth the 

 theory that the more developed any mental quality was 

 the larger and more prominent became the cortical area 

 wMch produced it. Further, since the cortex fits closely 

 to the cranium, the relative prominence would be indicated 

 externally by the shape of the skull. From this position 

 arose the practice of phrenology or the determination of 

 mental qualities by examination of cranial prominences. 

 Opposed to the position of Gall was the view of Flourens, 

 who held that all parts of the cortex were capable of pro- 

 ducing all kinds of mental qualities, and that when one 

 part was removed the remaining parts supplied the quali- 

 ties originally centering in that part. Without going into 

 this controversy we may present the modern views on the 

 subject as follows: 



First. The general view that functions are localized 

 has been definitely established, and it is possible to map 

 the cortex of the brain and thus indicate areas which, 

 when stimulated, will produce definite actions. 



Second. The idea of Gall that the more marked the 



