UMBE.J CANADIAN PALAEOZOIC COEALS. 101 



CoLUMNARiA RUGOSA, Billings. (Sp.) 

 Plate VI., figs. 3, 3a, 36. 



? Lithostrotion Stokesi, Milne-Edwards and Haime. 1851. Polyp. Fobs, des Terr. 



Palaeoz., p. 440, pi. 20, fig. 2. 

 Pcdceophyllum rugosum, Billings. 1858. Rep. of Progress for 1857, Geol. Survey of 



Canada, p. 168. 

 Columnaria erratica, Billings. 1858. Ibid, p. 166. 

 Diphyphgllum Stokesi, Whiteaves. 1897. Palseoz. Foss. vol. III., pt. III., p. 152, pi. 



XVII., figs. 5, 5a, 56. 

 Columnaria rugosa, Lambe. 1899. Ottawa Naturalist, vol. XII., p. 217. 



" The generic characters ascribed to the genus PaUeophyllum were — 

 ' Corallum fasciculate or aggregate ; corallites surrounded by a thick 

 wall ; radiating septa extending the whole length ; transverse diaphragms 

 either none or rudimentary; increase by lateral budding.' 



" The type specimen, by far the most perfect specimen in the collection, 

 has been closely examined, and, by means of a longitudinal section of one 

 of the corallites, close set complete horizontal tabulse are found to be 

 present. The supposed absence or rudimentary condition of tabulae being 

 the only character distinguishing PaloBophyllum from Columnaria, the 

 knowledge that tabulse exist removes the barrier to the union of these 

 two genera. 



" Columnaria rugosa may be defined as follows ; — corallum consisting 

 of an aggregation of circular or rounded polygonal corallites, from about 

 3 to 9 mm. in diameter, which are in contact with one another or free for 

 greater or less distances. Septa, numbering about forty in well developed 

 corallites, alternately long and short, the long ones reaching to or almost 

 to the centre, the short ones almost rudimentary. Tabulee complete, 

 horizontal, slightly irregular, at times slightly concave or convex and 

 often turned downward at their edges, about four in a space of 2 mm. 

 Increase by lateral calicular gemmation. Exterior of corallites marked 

 by annular lines of growth and faint longitudinal lines corresponding with 

 the septa within. 



" The corallites in this species vary considerably in size in some speci- 

 mens, in others they are more uniform, and when in contact whether 

 circular or polygonal, they still remain distinct one from another, gener- 

 ally with interspaces between them. 



" Colwmnaria erratica, Billings, was described as ' forming large masses 

 of corallites, either in contact or separate. The separate cells are round, 

 those in contact more or less polygonal, the radiating septa rudimentary, 

 forming about four sulci in the breadth of one line upon the interior ; 



