BACTERIA AND THEIR ALLIES 179 



in the neighbourhood of the letter, so that they looked like spores 

 within minute filaments.' 



A further careful and prolonged examination revealed the fact 

 that very many of the cells showed, in whole or in part, on or in 

 the lining membrane, the cocci-like bodies as in C, though in other 

 cells there were none of them. There was often a tendency for 

 these bodies to arrange themselves in rows (as in E and J) ; and in 

 places to grow into delicate filaments (as in D and F). Such 

 filaments were also seen occasionally crossing the cavity of the 

 cell, and having spore-Uke bodies at intervals. A few larger 

 filaments or hyphas, such as G, were likewise seen together with 

 Toruloid corpuscles, as in H. The spore-like body in G, from 

 which the hypha had developed, was only a httle larger than one of 

 the cocci-like bodies to be seen near the lower left corner of C. 

 Any doubts as to the reality of these latter bodies being embryo 

 Bacteria may be set at rest by comparing them with what is shown 

 in Figs. 4 and 7. All the organisms found here, as with those 

 shown in the figures above-mentioned from other vegetable cells, 

 were similarly obstinate in refusing to stain with all ordinary dyes. 



Although the first examination of these apples showed, therefore, 

 only very doubtful organisms, or none at all, a prolonged search has 

 made their presence abundantly clear, and has shown that the 

 spontaneous changes occurring in so many distinct foci in the very 

 midst of the tissue of the apples has been correlated with the origin 

 and development of microorganisms. 



I have also made a very few observations on Tangerine Oranges, 

 to two of which I will refer. In February, 1901, two of these 

 oranges were placed in a screw-top bottle and soaked in a ten per 

 cent, solution of formaUn for fifteen minutes, the fluid being also 

 shaken about several times so as to wet the whole inner surface of 

 the bottle. After the fluid was poured off and the cover tightly 

 screwed on, the bottle was placed in a cupboard for fifteen days, 

 the average temperature of which was about 50° F. 



When the first of these oranges was cut through in a longitudinal 

 direction, a slight mouldy odour was at once perceived, and in the 

 central white tissue, and around the pips, there was a greenish black 

 mass of mould. This was strictly confined to the central parts of 

 the orange, and nowhere came within three-fourths of an inch of 

 the surface. The skin generally was perfectly sound, though it 



' Unfortunately this particular photograph was taken at a low magnification 

 but C, and each of the others except A and B, was taken at 700 diameters. 



