THE BIRDS 
OF 
NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA: 
A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE 
OF THE 
HIGHER GROUPS, GENERA, SPECIES, AND SUBSPECIES OF BIRDS 
KNOWN TO OCCUR IN NORTH AMERICA, FROM THE 
ARCTIC LANDS TO THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA 
THE WEST INDIES AND OTHER ISLANDS 
OF THE CARIBBEAN SEA, AND THE 
GALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO 
BY 
ROBERT RIDGWAY, 
CURATOR, DIVISION OF BIRDS. 
Part VIII. 
Family Jacanide—tThe Jacanas. Family Phalaropodide—The Phalaropes. 
Family Qidicnemidae—The Thick-knees. Family Recurvirostrida—The Avocets and Stilts, 
Family Hematopodide—The Oyster-catchers. Family Rynchopidee—The Skimmers. 
Family. Arenariidg—tThe Turnstones, Family Sternida—tTho Terns, - 
Family Aphrizide—tThe Surf Birds, Family Laride—tThe Gulls, 
Family Charadriida—tThe Plovers. Family Stercorariide—Tho Skuas, 
Family Scolopacide—tThe Snipes. Family Alcide—The Auks. 
WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
1919. 
