BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 5 
Superfamily JACANI. 
=Parrae FURBRINGER, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vég., ii, 1888, 1566.—Suarps, Re- 
view Recent Att. Classif. Birds, 1891, 73; Hand-list, i, 1899, xvi, 168. 
Medium-sized to rather small Limicole without occipital fora- 
mina or supraorbital grooves, coracoids overlapping, toes (including 
hallux) and their claws enormously elongated, and rectrices only 10. 
Palate schizognathous; nares schizorhinal, without ossified in- 
ternasal septum or ossification of nasal cartilages; basipterygoid 
processes present, well-developed; supraorbital grooves and occipital 
foramina absent; lachrymals small, ankylosed with the naso-frontal 
bones above, with the pars plena below; vomer emarginate apically; 
metasternum 2-notched; xiphoid sternal processes shorter than body 
of sternum; ribs reaching sternum, 5; clavicles farther from pro- 
coracoid at its articulation than in Charadrii; a more or less developed 
metacarpal spur, this when less developed accompanied by a dilation 
and flattening of the distal half of the radius, but when conspicously 
developed the radius of normal form; syrinx with a pair of intrinsic 
muscles; thigh-muscle formula ABXY+, the ambiens, accessory 
femoro-caudal, and accesssory semitendinosus muscles developed, 
the. oddurator internus triangular; deep plantar tendons peculiar, 
there being no special slip from conjoined tendon of the long flexors 
to the hallux; carotid arteries, 2; caeca rudimentary (‘mere passeri- 
form nipples”); gall bladder present, well-developed; crop absent; 
gizzard muscular, with epithelial lining hard and thick; oil gland 
tufted; dorsal pteryla remarkably contracted (laterally) behind 
scapula, the pelvic portion dilated, the lumbar tracts weak and 
united to-uropygial portion by sparse contour feathers; rectrices, 10. 
Family JACANIDA. 
THE JACANAS. 
=[Grallatores] Macronyches VixitLot, Analyse, 1816, 61. 
=Parride Carus, Handb. Zool., i, 1868, 338.—Gray, Hand-list, iii, 1871, 69.— 
ScuaTerR and Sanvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, viii, 142.—Batrp, Brewer, 
and Ripeway, Water Birds N. Am., i, 1884, 108, 175.—Covuzs, Key N, Am. 
Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 669.—Fitirprineer, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vég., ii, 1888, 
1226, 1566.—SHarre, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, ix, 68; Hand-list, i, 
1899, xvi, 168.—Gapow, OClassif. Vertebr., 1898, 35.—BEpparp, Struct. and 
Classif. Birds, 1898, 346.—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 
1903, 340. ‘ 
=Parrine Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 70; List Gen. Birds, 2d ed., 1841, 91; 
Gen. Birds, iii, 1849, 588; Gen. and Subgen. Birds, 1855, 119 (subfamily of 
Palamedeidee!).—LitisEBoRG, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 17 (subfamily of 
Rallide!). 
= Jacanide StEINEGER, Standard Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 103, in text.—AMERICAN 
OrnitHoLocists’ Unton, Check List, 1886, 166; 2d ed., 1895, 105; 3d ed., 
1910, 133.—Ripeway, Orn. Illinois, ii, 1895, 18 —OBERHOLSER, Outl. Classif. 
N. Am. Birds, 1905, 2—Knowtton, Birds of the World, 1909, 49, 382. 
