28 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 
c. Fourth primary (from outside) with white on outer web, adjoining white shaft- 
streak, the second and third primaries sometimes similarly marked; upper 
tail-coverts wholly white; bill averaging decidedly shorter. (Europe and 
western Asia, south in winter to Egypt, northeastern India, etc.; occasional 
in Greenland.)............--..- Heematopus ostralegus ostralegus. (p. 30). 
cc. Fourth primary (from outside) as well as second and third, without: white on 
outer web; upper tail-coverts tipped with black; bill averaging much longer), 
(Eastern Siberia and Kamchatka, south in winter to China, Burma, etc.) 
Heematopus ostralegus osculans (extralimital),o 
bb. Entire ramp and lower back grayish brown or black, concolor with back, etc. 
c. Back, scapulars, etc., grayish brown to dark sooty brown; breast white, like 
abdomen, etc., or at least not uniform black; bill stouter, its greatest depth 
more than 10 mm. 
d. Bill much larger (exposed culmen 70-104); upper tail-coverts mostly (or at 
least in large part) white; greater wing-coverts more broadly tipped with white 
(sometimes whole of exposed portion white); axillars immaculate white; 
legs and feet flesh color (in life). (Hamatopus palliatus.) 
e. Back, scapulars, etc., much lighter grayish brown, in strong contrast with 
black of head and neck; upper tail-coverts and under primary coverts 
almost entirely white; innermost primaries partly white; greater wing- 
coverts with whole of exposed portion white; tail with basal half or more 
white; breast always immaculate white. 
jf. Smaller, with relatively more slender bill; averaging: adult male, wing, 
253.4; tail, 98.2; culmen, 81.1; greatest depth of bill, 13.4; tarsus, 56.1; 
middle toe, 40.1; adult female: wing, 260.2; tail, 102.4; culmen, 88.6; 
greatest depth of bill, 13.6; tarsus, 55.6; middle toe, 40.8. (Atlantic 
and Gulf coasts of United States and Mexico; Atlantic coast of Central 
and South America?).......... Hematopus palliatus palliatus (p. 32). 
ff. Larger, with relatively stouter bill; averaging: adult male, wing, 257; 
tail, 103.5; culmen, 85.3; greatest depth of bill, 14.3; tarsus, 57.5; 
middle toe, 43.3; adult female, wing, 261.4; tail, 105.2; culmen, 94.4; 
greatest depth of bill, 14; tarsus, 59.5: middle toe, 41.7. (Bahama 
Iglands:)i<.: -sceceactacsevackceee Heematopus palliatus prattii (p. 37). 
ee. Back, scapulars, etc., darker grayish brown (deep sooty brown to almost 
sooty black), much less strongly contrasted with black of head and 
neck; upper tail-coverts and under primary coverts largely dusky 
grayish brown; innermost primaries without any white (on outer 
webs); greater wing-coverts with exposed portion dark grayish brown 
anteriorly; tail with less than basal half white; breast more or less 
‘spotted or blotched with sooty blackish. 
f. Larger, with shorter middle toe; averaging: adult male, wing, 259.1; 
tail, 101.8; culmen, 75.9; greatest depth of bill, 13.3; tarsus, 53.2; mid- 
dle toe, 39.2; adult female, wing, 264.3; tail, 104.9; culmen, 83.5; 
greatest depth of bill, 13; tarsus, 55.7; middle toe, 40.3; color of back, 
etc., averaging lighter, white on wing more extended, and under tail- 
coverts partly dusky. (Pacific coast of Mexico; also, Pacific coast of 
Central and South America, as far as Chile?). 
Heematopus palliatus frazari (p. 37.) 
@ Haematopus hypoleuca, part, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 129 (Kamchatka; 
Kuril Islands).—Hematopus ostralegus (not of Linnzus) of authors (citations from n. e. 
Asia).—(?)Haematopus ostralegus Schalow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1891, 258 (Sitka and 
Unalaska, Alaska).—Hxmatopus osculans Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 405 
(Talien Bay, China); Stejneger, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 29, 1885, 100 (Kamchatka); 
Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 1896, 111.—H[zmatopus] ostralequs osculans 
