116 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 
bb. Culmen as long as or longer than middle toe without claw. 
c. A white nuchal collar; no black loral stripe nor jugular band; general color 
of upper parts much paler grayish brown or brownish gray. (Charadrius 
NiVOSUs.) 
d. Color of upper parts darker (light iste brown to nearly drab). (Western 
America, from Oregon and Wyoming to Chile.) 
Charadrius nivosus nivosus (p. 136). 
dd. Color of upper parts much paler (pale drab-gray to nearly grayish white.) 
(Gulf coast of United States and Mexico; Cuba.) 
Charadrius nivosus tenuirostris (p. 139), 
cc. No white nuchal collar; a black loral stripe and jugular band; general color 
of upper parts much darker grayish brown. (Southern Mexico to Peru, 
Argentina, Paraguay, etc.) .....--------++-++ Charadrius collaris (p. 140). 
CHARADRIUS SEMIPALMATUS Bonaparte. 
SEMIPALMATED PLOVER. 
Adult male in summer.—Anterior portion of forehead, loral stripe 
(from bill to eye and continued beneath the latter to and including 
the auricular region), fore part of crown, and a broad collar round 
lower neck (broader on sides of chest), black; forehead (except 
anterior portion), malar region, chin, throat, upper neck (all round), 
a small spot immediately beneath eye, a more or less distinct supra- 
auricular streak, and under parts posterior to the black jugular 
band, including axillars and under wing-coverts, immaculate white, 
the coverts along edge of wing grayish brown basally, the under 
primary coverts pale grayish brown; upper parts (except as described) 
plain grayish brown (hair brown), the greater wing-coverts tipped 
with white; primaries dusky or blackish, their’shafts white, the 
proximal quills with basal portion of outer web white; tail light 
grayish brown, blackish subterminally and white terminally, the 
outermost rectrix entirely or mostly white, the next with outer 
web white; bill black, the basal portion orange or orange-yellow; 
iris dark brown; legs and feet pale yellowish or flesh color (in life). 
Adult female in summer.—Similar to the male and not always dis- 
tinguishable, but usually with the black markings on head and the 
jugular band duller black, the latter mixed or suffused with grayish 
brown laterally. 
Winter plumage.—Black of head-markings and jugular band 
replaced by grayish brown; otherwise as in summer. 
Young.—Similar to the winter plumage, but feathers of upper parts 
margined terminally with light buff. 
Downy young:—Upper parts pale grayish brown mottled with 
black, interrupted by a white nuchal collar; forehead, superciliary 
region, and suborbital spot pale grayish buffy, the first marked along 
median line with black; under parts entirely white. 
