220 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 
the feathers tipped (more broadly on chest and sides) with whitish or 
brownish white; chin and upper throat mostly white; otherwise as in 
summer, but occipital tufts (‘‘cape’’) and ruff wholly absent; bill 
brownish; legs and feet greenish yellow (in life). 
Adult female in summer.—Similar to the winter male but upper 
parts much darker, the feathers of back, scapulars, etc., blackish, 
often glossed with purplish, margined with buff or cinnamon, the 
tertials barred with blackish and rusty, feathers of chest, etc., blackish 
or purplish black centrally, and rectrices barred on distal portion with 
cinnamon or rusty; bill blackish; legs and feet greenish gray (in life). 
Adult female in winter—Similar to the winter male but much 
smaller. : 
Young male.—‘‘Resembles the winter plumage of the adults, but 
is much more tawny, the feathers of the upper surface being blackish, 
with sandy-buff or whitish margins to the feathers; the lower back, 
rump, and upper tail-coverts dusky brown, mottled with darker 
brown centres to the feathers and with sandy-buff edges; wing-coverts 
like the back; the primary-coverts with narrow sandy-buff edges and 
whitish tips; bastard wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, 
fringed with white at the ends and on the outer webs of the second- 
aries, the inner ones edged with sandy-buff with subterminal black 
markings, before which are some rufous bars; tail-feathers dark brown, 
with a few mottlings and bars of sandy-buff near their ends; crown of 
head sandy-rufous, with dark brown streaks; lores and an eyebrow 
pale buff, with very narrow dusky streaks; the hindneck ashy 
washed with sandy-buff and mottled with dusky brown centres to the 
feathers; feathers in front of the eye and sides of the face cinnamon- 
buff, like the lower throat and the foreneck, the chin whiter; chest 
and sides of body ashy grey, washed with cinnamon-buff; the center 
of the breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts, axillaries, and under 
wing-coverts white.’”’¢ 
Downy young.—Forehead, sides of head and neck (including super- 
ciliary region), and under parts pale pinkish buff, paler on chin, 
throat, and abdomen, deepening into nearly cinnamon-buff on fore- 
neck and chest; a narrow streak of brownish black extending from 
above base of nasal fossa backward and slightly downward; a small 
spot or short streak of black on anterior portion of malar region; crown 
and occiput irregularly blotched or marbled with black, the inter- 
spaces grayish buffy; an irregular large blotch of brownish black on 
each side of occiput; nape plain dull cinnamon-buff or clay color, the 
hindneck similar but paler and duller and irregularly marbled with 
dusky; back, wings, and rump mixed black and light brown (light 
cinnamon-brown or sayal brown), thickly spangled or dotted with 
buffy whitish. 
@ Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv, 505, 506. 
