530 BULLETIN o0U, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, 
as middle toe, covered all around with small hexagonal scales; 
lateral toes decidedly shorter than middle toe, the outer slightly 
longer than the inner; hallux well developed, slender, about as long 
as first phalanx of outer toe; interdigital spaces webbed basally, the 
web between outer and middle toes connecting nearly whole of basal 
phalanges, that between inner and middle toes smaller; all the an- 
terior toes margined laterally by a distinct though narrow tumid 
membrane. 
Coloration.—General color grayish brown to light pinkish cinna- 
mon, streaked and otherwise varigated with dusky, the under parts 
of body mostly immaculate whitish or light pinkish cinnamon; some 
species with rump white. 
Range.—Northern Hemisphere. (Three species.) 
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF NUMENIUS. 
a. Rump and lower back white; general tone of plumage grayish brown, the under 
parts and axillars whitish. (Europe and western Asia, south in winter to Cape 
of Good Hope, Madagascar, and India; accidental on Long Island, New York.) 
Numenius arquatus(p. 386). 
aa. Rump and lower back pale cinnamon and dusky, like rest of upper parts; under 
parts pale pinkish buff, axillars light vinaceous-cinnamon. (Numenius ameri- 
canus.) 
b. Larger (wing 268.2-308, averaging 279.3 in male, 268.5 in female; exposed culmen 
137-219. 2, averaging 145.3 in male, 184 in female). (More southern United: 
States, chiefly west of Mississippi River, north to [llinois, Idaho, Utah, Nevada, 
ClCs) icc ccnamaeeeeewswiecssieeae. Numenius americanus americanus (p. 390). 
bb. Smaller (wing 251.5-287, averaging 265.6 in male, 268.5 in female; exposed 
culmen 105.4-170.7, averaging 121.1 in male, 158.7 in female). (Saskatche- 
wan to eastern British Columbia and south to South Dakota, Wyoming, and 
eastern Oregon—to New Mexico, Texas, etc., in migration.) 
Numenius americanus occidentalis (p. 394). 
NUMENIUS ARQUATUS (Linneus). 
EUROPEAN CURLEW. 
Adults (sexes alike).—General color of upper parts light grayish 
brown or grayish buffy (nearly light drab to drab-gray), streaked 
with dusky, the streaks broadest on back, scapulars, tertials, and wing- 
coverts, on the tertials throwing off lateral projections; greater coverts 
and secondaries deep brownish gray or grayish brown, transversely 
spotted with pale grayish buffy, the bars thus produced (in the closed 
wing) of the two colors about equal in width or with the pale ones 
slightly wider than the darker ones; alula, primary coverts, and prima- 
ries dusky, the two first margined terminally or narrowly tipped 
with white (more broadly on proximal coverts), the primaries spotted 
and terminally margined with white; lower back, rump, and upper 
tail-coverts white, the first and second immaculate, or nearly so, 
superficially, but with concealed mesial streaks of grayish dusky, 
