448 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, 
Syst. Vég., ii, 1888, 1158.—Gapow, Classif. Vertebr., 1898, 35.—Bxrpparp, 
Struct. and Classif. Birds, 1898, 350.—Knowtron, Birds of the World, 1909, 
49, 386.—SuHarrz, Review Rec. Att. Classif. Birds, 1891, 72; Hand-list, i, 
1899, xiv, 133. 
=Laride SauNpERS, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, xiii, 3.—Sanvin and 
Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 397. 
=Lariformes SHarrE, Review Rec. Att. Classif. Birds, 1891, 72; Hand-list, i, 
1899, xiv, 133. 
=Laroidee StTHINEGER, Standard Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 74, in text. 
=Lari Suarre, Review Rec. Att. Classif. Birds, 1891, 72.—OxszRnotser, Ouil. 
Classif. N. Am. Birds, 1905, 3. 
>Lari Gapow, Classif. Vertebr., 1898, 35 (includes Alce!).—Knowtron, Birds 
of the World, 1909, 49, 385 (includes Alcze). 
=Gavize SouateR, Ibis, 1880, 409.—SaunpERs, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 
xiii, 1, 3—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 397. 
=Longipennes Barrp, Brewer, and Rinaway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 
191.—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, 84; 3rd ed., 
1910, 33.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 1, 20. 
=Longipennes Nirzsca, Meckel’s Deutsches Archiv Phys., 1820, 265.—Dvuzots, 
Mém. Soc. Zool. France, iv, 1891, 23. 
= Fissurinares BURMEISTER, Syst. Ueb. Thiere Bras., iii, ii, 1856, 447. 
> <Larinae Bonaparte, Saggio distr. Anim. Vertebr., 1831, 59 (includes 
Chionides; excludes Stercorariide).—Gapow, in Bronn’s Thier-Reich, Vég., 
ii, 1893, 205 (excludes Rynchopide). 
>Longipennes Lawrence, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 820 
(includes Tubinares).—Covres, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 307 (includes 
Tubinares). 
Long-winged, short-, or relatively short-, legged, aquatic Chara- 
driiformes with hypotarsus simple (grooved but without canals); 
coracoids in contact (except in Stercorariide); supraorbital grooves 
present, large, the space between them broad and flat; basipterygoid 
processes absent (vestigial or rudimentary in young); occipital 
foramina absent in adults; furcula with a hypocleideum; adult 
downs on both pteryle and apteria; bill and legs relatively short, the 
latter attached to middle of body; anterior toes more or less (usually 
fully) webbed; hallux absent or minute; young tardily nidifugous 
(nearly nidicolous). 
Metasternum usually 4-notched (2-notched in Stercorariide) ; cora- 
coids in contact behind spina externa (except in Stercorariide); 
ectepicondylar process usually well-developed; coraco-humeral groove 
distinct, very deep; cervical vertebra, 15; dorsal vertebra, 5; hema- 
pophyses of dorsal vertebre well-developed; ribs articulating with 
sternum, 6-7; hypotarsus with 2 grooves; tensores patagii limicoline, 
but somewhat more complicated; thigh-muscle formula, AX+, 
AXY+, ABXY+, or BXY+; syrinx typically tracheo-bronchial; 
carotids, 2; spinal pteryla well-defined on neck by lateral apteria, 
forked on upper back; ventral pteryla dividing farther down neck 
than in Limicole; rectrices, 12. 
