BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 561 
Gyg[is] candida Wacuer, Isis, 1832, 1223. 
Gygis candida Saunpers, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 149, part (Krusen- 
stern Island).—Snoperass and Hetzer, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., iv, 1902, 
511 (Cocos and Clipperton Islands; descr.; measurements; descr. nest). 
Gygis alba candida MatHews, Birds of Australia, ii, pt. 4, Nov. 1, 1912, 443 (Christ- 
mas Island; Hawaiian group). 
Sterna nivea Bennett, Narrative Whaling Voy., i, 1840, 384 (Christmas Island, 
breeding). 
[Gygis] alba (not Sterna alba Gmelin, 1788) Licurensrein, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 
1854, 97 (Hawaiian Islands). 
Gygis alba Dou, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1869, 306 (Hawaiian Islands),—Rorus- 
cHILD, Avifauna Laysan, i, 1893, 35, pl. 3, fig. 11 (Laysan).—Hensuaw, 
Birds Hawaiian Isl., 1902, 126 (Laysan and Lisiansky islands, breeding).— 
GuirrorD, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th ser., ii, pt. i, 1913, 32 (Tower Island, 
Galapagos; Oneal Rock, near Socorro Island; habits, measurements, etc.). 
G[ygis] alba kittlitzt (not of Hartert, 1900) Bryan, Key to Birds Hawaiian Group, 
1901, 9 (Laysan, etc.). 
Gygis alba kittlitzi Fisner (W. K.), Bull. U. S. Fish Com. for 1903, 17, pl. 4, 
figs. 13-17 (Laysan, etc., habits); Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., xxvi, 1903, 562,in 
text (Necker Island). 
Family LARIDA. 
THE GULLS. 
=Larine Bonaparte, Giornale Arcadico di Scienze, 1831, 58; Saggio distr. Anim. 
Vertebr., 1831, 59; Consp. Gen. Avium, ii, 1857, 211.—Lawrence, in Baird, 
Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 837, 840.—Carus, Handb. Zool., i, 1868, 
361.—Coves, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci, Phila., 1869, 214; Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 
310; 2d ed., 1884, 734, 739; Birds Northwest, 1874, 617.—ScraTer and Satvin, 
Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 148.—Barrp, Brewer, and Rmweway, Water Birds 
N. Am., ii, 1884, 196, 197.—AmeErican OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 
1886, 86; 3rd ed., 1910, 35.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 23.—Saun- 
pers, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, xiii, 4, 161.—Brpparp, Struct. and 
Classif. Birds, 1898, 355.—SHarre, Hand-list, i, 1899, xiv, 1389.—Satvin and 
Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, iii, 1903, 418.—Knowurton, Birds of the 
World, 1909, 386. 
>Larinae GApow, in Bronn’s Thier Reich, Vég., ii, 1891, 205 (includes Stercora- 
riide). 
>Laride Barrp, Brewer, and Riveway, Water Birds N. Am., ii, 1884, 191, 196 
(includes Sternide).—AmERIcAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 
1886, 86; 8rd ed., 1910, (includes Sternide). 
>Laridae OpERHoseER, Outl. Classif. N. Am. Birds, 1905, 3 (includes Sternide). 
>Longipennes Dusots, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, iv, 1891, 116 (includes Sternide). 
Small to very large Lari with the exposed culmen less than one and 
one-fourth times as long as tarsus (usually shorter than tarsus), the 
latter more than one-tenth (sometimes more than one-sixth) as long 
as wing; tail usually truncate or very slightly rounded, rarely (in two 
genera only) forked, still more rarely (in one genus only) cuneate or 
graduated; pterylosis not typically charadriine. 
40017—19—Bull. 50, pt 8——37 
