BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 567 
Breeding in Arctic and Subarctic Europe and Asia, and North 
America eastward of Mackenzie River, northward to northern 
Greenland (Thank God Harbor), Ellesmere Island (Cape Union), 
north of Wellington Channel, lat. 77° N., Melville Island (Winter 
Harbor), Grinnell Land (Fort Conger), Jan Mayen Land, Franz 
Josef Land, Spitzbergen, and other islands in Arctic Ocean, where 
it has been observed as far northward as lat. 84° 52’, southward to 
coast of Mackenzie (Franklin Bay), southern Greenland, Quebec 
(Godbout; Point de Monts), islands in Gulf of St. Lawrence (Anti- 
costi; Magdalen Islands), Shetland Islands, northwestern France, 
and mainland of Arctic Europe and Asia; migrating southward, 
regularly, to New England coast, Long Tsland Sound, coast of New 
Jersey (Long Branch; Atlantic City), and Bermudas, irregularly 
or casually to Vermont (Enosburg Falls, Nov. 12, 1906), New York 
(Oak Orchard, Orleans County, April 10, 1881; Auburn, Jan. 4, 1854; 
Oneida Lake, Nov. 9, 1890; Seneca Lake; Constantia, Oswego 
County, Nov. 9, 1890), Pennsylvania (Lancaster; Erie, Oct. 17, 1900), 
Ontario (Toronto, Oct. 31, 1899, and Nov., 1899), northeastern 
Illinois (near Chicago, Dec. 9, 1896), Michigan (Neebish Island), 
Missouri (Kansas City, 1897), Colorado (Boulder, Dec.), and Wyoming 
(Douglas, Nov..18, 1898); in Eastern Hemisphere migrating south- 
ward to Canary Islands, Madeira, Azores, and shores of Mediterranean, 
Black, and Caspian Seas. 
(Larus] tridactylus Linnaus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 186 (Great Britain?); ed. 
12, i, 1766, 224.—Gmuerun, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 596—Lataam, Index 
Orn., ii, 1790, 817.—RetnHarpt, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 443 (Greenland).— 
Martens, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 222 (Bermudas).—Coves, Key N. Am. 
Birds, 1872, 314. 
Larus tridactylus Mitten, Natursyst., Suppl., 1776, 344.—Fasricius, Fauna 
Groenlandica, 1780, 98.—Retzius, Fauna Suecica, 1780, 154.—Monr, 
Island. Naturh., 1786, 41.—Brcustsin, Naturg. Deutschl., ii, 1791, 804.— 
Meyer and Wotr, Taschenb. Deutschl., ii, 1810, 486.—TsmMincr, Man. 
d’Orn., 1815, 502; 2d ed., 1820, 774.—Merrtsner and Scuinz, Vég. Schweiz, 
1815, 275.—Meryer, Vog. Liv-u. Esthl., 1815, 236.—Nizsson, Orn. Suecica, 
ii, 1817, 174.—Viert10T, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxi, 1818, 503; Faune 
Frang., Ois., 1828, 390.—O’Remty, Greenland, 1818, 143.—Sanine (E.), 
Trans. Linn. Soc., xii, 1819, 549 (Greenland); in Parry’s First Voy., Suppl., 
1821, p. cev (Davis Strait)—Lzacu, in Ross’s Voy. Baffin Bay, 4to ed., 
App., ii, 1819, p. liii—Sazine (J.) in Franklin’s Polar Sea, App., 1823, 695 
(Hudson Bay).—Brzeum, Lehrb. Eur. Vég., 1823, 705.—Ross (J. ©.), in 
Parry’s Third Voy., App., 1826, 105 (North Somerset Land); in Parry’s Fourth 
Voy., App., 1828, 195 (lat. 823°, beyond Spitzbergen).—Bonararte, Ann. 
Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1828 (“‘Synopsis”), 359.—Werrner, Atlas, Palmipédes, 1828, 
pl. 25.—Savi, Orn. Tosc., iii, 1831, 70.—Swainson and RicHaRpson, 
Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 423.—M&nérrits, Cat. Rais. Caucas., 1832, 56.— 
Nurratt, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 298.—Jenyns, Man. 
Brit. Vertebr., 1835, 274.AupuBoN, Orn. Biog., iii, 1835, 186, pl. 224; 
Synopsis, 1839, 326; Birds Am., 8vo ed., vii, 1844, 146, pl. 444.—Naumann, 
Vog. Deutschl., x, 1840, 322, pl. 262.—Scuinz, Eur. Fauna., 1840, 385.— 
