BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 571 
Larus riga Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 619. 
Larus torquatus Patuas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 328 (Baltic-and White Seas). 
Larus gavia Pattas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 329 (Baltic and White Seas). 
Rissa briinnichii Sternens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. 1, 1826, 181, pl. 21 (Arctic 
Circle). 
Laroides minor Brena, Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 756 (n. Europe). 
Rissa minor Breum, Vogelf., 1855, 341 (Europe); Naumannia, 1855, 294. 
Rissa cinerea Eyton, Cat. Brit. Birds, 1836, 52. 
Risa borealis Breum, Vogelf., 1855, 341 (Greenland, rare in Europe); Naumannia, 
1855, 294. . 
Rissa gregaria BREHM, Vogelf., 1855, 341 (Europe); Naumannia, 1855, 294. 
RISSA TRIDACTYLA POLLICARIS Stejneger. 
PACIFIC KITTIWAKE. 
Similar to R. t. tridactyla, but hallux rarely obsolete, usually dis- 
tinct often with an obvious claw; black on outer webs of second and 
third primaries (from outside) usually extending not so far along edge 
from tips, and size averaging decidedly larger (except feet). 
Adult male-—Wing, 309-330 (823.6); tail, 125-142 (135.1); 
exposed culmen, 38-42 (40); tarsus, 31-36 (33.9); middle toe, 
39-45 (40.9).2 
Adult female.—Wing, 313-327 (320.6); tail, 127-135.5 (131.3); 
exposed culmen, 36-43 (39.1); tarsus, 32-35 (33.7); middle toe, 
39-42 (40). 
Breeding on islands and coasts of Bering Sea and adjacent portions 
of Arctic and northern Pacific Oceans, northeastward to Herald Island, 
Cape Lisburne, Icy Cape, and Point Barrow (rarely), southward to 
Cook Inlet (Seldovia)—probably to Yakutat Bay—Shumagin 
Islands and more eastern Aleutian Islands, Alaska, and Commander 
Islands, Kamchatka, westward, along Arctic coast, to Koliutschin 
Islands and Chaun Bay, Siberia; migrating southward to southern 
California (San Diego Bay), Lower California (San Gerénimo Island; 
Los Coronados Islands), and Japan (Yezo; Tokyo; Saghalin Island, 
July; Kuril Islands). 
Larus ryssa (not L. rissa Briinnich, 1764) Paras, Spicil. Zool., v, 1769, 28. 
Larus rissa Pauuas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., ii, 1826, 321 (Kamchatka). 
[Rissa] rissa SHarpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, 143, part. 
Larus tridactylus (not of Linnseus) Kirruirz, Isis, 1832, 1104 (n. w. North America); 
Denkw. Reise Russ. Am. Mikron. and Kamtschatka, i, 1858, 248; ii, 1858, 
225.—CoinbeE, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1860, 401 (Aleutian Islands).—Buax1- 
ston and Prrer, Ibis, 1878, 217 (Yezo and Tokyo, Japan).—Avams, Ibis, 
1878, 440 (St. Michaels, Alaska; habits)—Srrsonm, Ibis, 1879, 24; 1884, 32 
(Kuril Islands); Birds Japanese Emp., 1890, 294.—Biaxiston, Amend. 
List Birds Japan, 1884, 34.—Scuatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1891, 268 (Sitka, 
Alaska). 
a Eleven specimens. 5 Five specimens. 
