BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 577 
Breeding on islands in Arctic Ocean, chiefly northward of Europe 
and Asia, where noted as far northward as lat. 85°; in Arctic America 
breeding from Prince Patrick Island, Melville Island (Winter Harbor), 
Ellesmere Land, and northwestern Greenland (Thank God Harbor; 
Rensselaer Bay) to coast of northern Mackenzie (Darnley Bay) and 
northern Baffin Land (Port Bowen); in Arctic Asia breeding on 
Polynia Island, Spitzbergen, etc.; migrating southward in winter as 
far as British Columbia (Dease Lake, Sept., 1889; Penticton, Oct., 
1897; Okanagan Lake, Nov. 1, 1907), Pribilof Islands (St. George 
Island, 1 specimen), Kowak River, and Point Barrow (Oct., Sept.), 
Alaska; Commander Islands, Kamchatka (Bering Island, Dec. 2, 
1875), Ontario (Toronto, Dec. 15, 1887), Quebec (Point de Monts, 
April, 1877), New Brunswick (St. Johns, Nov., 1880; Grand Menan), 
coast of Labrador (Okak; Rigolet), Nova Scotia (Halifax), Maine 
(Penobscot Bay, Dec., 1894), Massachusetts (Monomoy Island, 
Dec. 1, 1886), and Long Island (Sayville, Jan. 5, 1893); in Europe 
southward (casually) to Iceland, Faroe Islands, northern France, 
Switzerland (Lake Léman), northern Russia (Archangel), etc. 
[?] Larus albus GuNNERUS, in Leem’s Beskr. Finm. Lapper, 1767, 285 (northern 
Norway). 
Larus albus ScHAEFFER, Mus. Orn., 1789, 65, pl. 42. 
Gavia alba STESNEGER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, June 5, 1882, 39 (crit. nomencl.).— 
American OrnirHotoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, 
no. 89.—Nertson, Rep. N. H. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 49 (Point Barrow; Murchi- 
son Bay, Spitzbergen, breeding)—GreEzrLy, Rep. Exped. Lady Franklin 
Bay, ii, 1888, 22 —Brnoprrz, Auk, v, 1888, 202 (Storen, n. coast Spitzbergen, 
breeding; descr. eggs),—CHAMBERLAIN, Auk, 1889, 213 (s. Greenland).— 
REIcHENOW, Syst. Verz. Vég. Deutschl., 1889, 62 —Hacrrup, Birds Green- 
Jand, 1891, 46.—Sronez, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, 148, 149 (Melville 
Bay, July; measurements, etc.)—Taczanowsg1, Mém. Acad. St. Petersb., 
Xxxix, 1893, 1055 (e. Siberia and s. to Petropaulski, Kamchatka) —DvurtcHER, 
Auk, xii, 1895, 290 (Great South Bay, Long Island, Jan. 5, 1893).—Scuatow, 
Journ. fiir Orn., 1899, 380 (Spitzbergen, breeding; descr. eggs); Végel der 
Arktis, 1904, 135 (synonymy, range, etc.). 
G[avia] alba Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 24. 
[Gavia] alba HEINE and RetcHenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 360. 
Pagophila alba Covss, Auk, xiv, July, 1897, 313—AmERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ 
Union Committres, Auk, xvi, 1899, 99; Check List, 3d ed., 1910, p. 35.— 
Errrie, Auk, xxii, 1905, 285 (Cape Fullerton, Sept. 22, 1904).—FLemine, 
Auk, xxiii, 1906, 442 (Toronto, Ontario, Dec. 15, 1887).—Presiz, North Am. 
Fauna, no. 27, 1908, 262 (breeding at Port Bowen and Darnley Bay, Arctic 
America; Waiter Harbor, Melville Island, May; Assistance Harbor, Welling- 
ton Channel, Sept.).—Kzrrmope, Provincial Mus. Victoria, 1909, 24 (Dease 
Lake, Cassiar, and Okanagan Lake, Brit. Columbia).—Cooxez, Bull. 292, 
U.S. Agric Dept. (Biol. Surv.), 1915, 14, fig. 5 (range and migrations). 
@ See Saunders, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 301, footnote. 
40017—19—Bull. 50, pt 8——38 
