582 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 
ce. Subterminal spaces on primaries wholly black. 
f. Shafts of primaries within black subterminal spaces | white; tarsus 73~77, 
middle toe 69-74.5. (Northern Atlantic Ocean, sut in winter to 
coast of United States, “Great Lakes, Canary Islands, etc.) 
Larus marinus (p. 601). 
ff. Shafts of primaries within the black subterminal spaces black; tarsus 
less than 73, middle toe less than 69. 
g. Color of back, etc., deep or dark gray (not paler—usually much 
darker—than neutral gray). 
h. Second primary (from outside) with a distinct gray ‘‘wedge” on 
inner web. 
i. Larger (wing, 436-470; tail, 179-196; culmen, 54-65.5; tarsus, 
59-72; middle toe, 55.5-65.5). (Bering Sea and northern Pa- 
cific Ocean, south to Japan.).....-. Larus schistisagus (p. 605). 
ii, Smaller (wing, 423-425; tail, 157-165.1; culmen, 51.5-52.1; tarsus 
61-68.5; middle toe, 49-54). (Northern Europe and Asia, 
south in winter to northern Africa; accidental in Greenland.) 
Larus affinis (p. 608). 
hh. Second primary (from outside) without distinct gray “wedge” 
on inner web. 
i. Gonydeal angle very prominent, the depth of bill at angle 
(21.6-24.1) much greater than at base; legs and feet flesh color 
in life; middle toe 55.5-65.5. (Pacific coast of Nortle America.) 
Larus occidentalis (p. 610). 
i. Gonydeal angle not conspicuously prominent, the depth of bill 
at angle (15.2-17.3) little if any greater than at base; legs and 
feet yellow in life; middle toe 41.9-49.5. (Northern Europe, 
south in winter to Mediterranean Sea, Canary Islands, Red Sea, 
Persian Gulf, etc.)..-.-...-.---.--- Larus fuscus (extralimital).¢ 
gg. Color of back, etc., light to pale gray (paler than neutral gray). 
h. Mandible without a black subterminal spot; iris light yellow. 
7. Legs and feet (in life) flesh color. 
j. Naked eye-ring (in life) flesh color; color of back, etc., paler 
(pallid neutral gray or light gull gray). (Northern Europe and 
North America, south in winter to Mediterranean, Black, and 
Caspian seas, Bahamas, Cuba, Yucatan, and western Mexico.) 
Larus argentatus (p. 612). 
jj. Naked eye ring (in life) vermilion red; color of back, etc., 
darker (light neutral gray). (Bering Sea and adjacent 
parts of Arctic Ocean, south in winter to California, Japan, 
coast of China, Formosa, and Bonin Islands.) 
Larus vege (p. 618). 
« [Larus] fuscus Linneus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 1386; ed. 12, i, 1766, 225; 
Gould, Birds Europe, v, 1837, pl. 431 and text; Birds Great Brit., v, 1878, pl. 56 and 
text; Naumann, Vég. Deutschl., x, 1840, 419, pl. 267; Schlegel, Vog. Nederl., 1854, 
597, pls. 345, 346; Dresser, Birds Europe, viii, 1873, 421, pl. 603; Saunders, Cat. 
Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 250.—Leucus fuscus Kaup, Nattirl. Syst., 1829, 86, 196.— 
Laroides fuscus Brehm, Isis, 1830, 993.—Dominicanus fuscus Bruch, Journ. fiir Orn., 
1853, 100.—[Clupeilarus] fuscus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xlii, 1856, 770.—Larus 
flavipes Wolf and Meyer, Naturg. Vég. Deutschl., ii, 1805, 32 with pl.; Meyer, Taschenb. 
Vég. Deutschl., ii, 1810, 469, with pl.—Laroides melanotus Brehm, Isis, 1830, 993.— 
Laroides harengorum Brehm, Isis, 1830, 993.—Laroides a. nigrodorsalis Brehm, Nau- 
mannia, 1855, 294.—Laroides 8. assimilis Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, 294.—Larus 
graellsiti A. Brehm, Allg. Deutsch. Naturh., 1857, 483 (Malaga). 
