BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 587 
594, pls. 340, 341; Dier. Nederl. Vogels, 1861, 234; Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 23 _ 
(Lari), 1863, 4.—Hrwrrson, Eggs Brit. Birds, ti, 1846, 450, pl. 128, fig. 2.— 
Deatanp, Orn. Europ., ii, 1849, 309.—THomrson, Birds Ireland, iti, 1851, 
388.—Branpt, in Lehmann’s Reis. Buchara, 1852, 331 (mouth of Ural 
River),—KsarrBouune, Danm. Fugle, 1852, 341, pl. 42.—Mrppenporrr, 
Reis. Sibir., Zool., 1853, 241.—Carts, Journ. Roy. Soc. Dublin, i, 1856, 
60 (Prince Patrick Island)—Mryerr, Brit. Birds, vii, 1857, 147, pl. 307.— 
Lawrence, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 842; Ann. Lyc. 
N. Y., viii, 1867, 299 (vicinity New York City) —Barrep, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 
1859, no. 656.—Evans and Stures,: Ibis, 1859, 167 (w. Spitzbergen).— 
ReEInwARDT, Ibis, 1861, 16 (Greenland; crit.).—Covers, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. 
Phil., 1861, 243 (Labrador); 1862, 294 (monogr.); Check List, 1873, no. 543; 
2d ed., 1882, no. 768; Birds Northwest, 1874, 620 (monogr.); in Elliott’s Aff. 
in Alaska, 1875, 198 (Pribilof Islands; habits, etc.).—Gray, List Brit. Birds, 
1863, 230.—Rappe, Reis. Sibir., ii, 1863, 382——Nrwron, Ibis, 1865, 509 
(Spitzbergen; habits); Arctic Man., 1875, 106—Dratanp and GreRBE, Orn. 
Eur., ii, 1867, 409.—Datt and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 
304 (St. Michaels, Alaska) —Drostz, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 386 (Faroe 
Islands).—Gituert, Ibis, 1870, 306 (Novaya Zemlya).—Homeyer, Journ. 
fiir Orn., 1870, 436 (e. Siberia); 1871, 104 (n. Europe).—Gray (R.), Birds 
West Scotl., 1871, 490.—Hartine, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, 122 (Mel- 
ville Island); Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 77.—~Hxvueutn, Ibis, 1872, 65 (Novaya 
Zemlya and s. to Yugrosky Strait), 175 (Arctic Europe).—FEImLpEN, Zoologist, 
1872, 3289 (Faroes); 1879, 7 (Prince Albert Land); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 
31 (North Polar Basin), 409 (Cape Sabine, north to 82° 34’; Smith Sound); 
in Markham’s Polar Reconn., 1881, 334 (Novaya Zemlya).—SatvaporI, 
Faun. Ital., Ucc., 1872, 295; Ucc. Ital., 1887, 287.—PaztmeEn, Finlands 
Fogl., 1873, 585; ‘ Vega’ -Exped., 1887, 365 (Jan Mayen Land, Spitzbergen, 
Novaya Zemlya, etc.; n. e. Siberia) —Swinyos, Ibis, 1874, 165 (Hakodate, 
Japan).—Berssets, Bull. Soc. Geogr Paris, 1875, 296; Amerik. Nordpol.- 
Exped., 1879, 312 (Polaris Bay).—Irgpy, Orn. Straits Gibralt., 1875, 215 
(Tangier, Morocco); 2d ed., 1895, 301—SrrBponm and Harvise-Brown, 
Ibis, 1876, 453 (lower Petchora River, Russia; habits; descr. downy young 
and nest).—Dresser, Birds Europe, viii, 1877, 433, pl. 605.—SauNnpERs, 
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 165 (monogr.); Ibis, 1884, 391 (s. w. France); 
ed. Yarrell’s Brit.’ Birds, iii, 1884, 636; Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 663; Cat. 
Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 289, 458 —Buaxiston and Prrer, Ibis, 1878, 
217 (Hakodate, Japan)—Apams, Ibis, 1878, 440 (St. Michaels, Alaska; 
habits),—Sresoum, Ibis, 1879, 23 (Hakodate, Japan), 161 (Yenesei River, 
Siberia); 1882, 230 (Caspian Sea), 385 (Archangel, Russia; Kanin Peninsula, 
breeding); 1888, 350 (Great Liakoff Island, Siberia); Hist. Brit. Birds, iii, 
1885, 330; Birds Japanese Emp., 1890, 290.—Kumuren, Bull. U. 8. Nat. 
Mus., no. 15, 1879, 95 (Cumberland Sound).—Megarns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 
v, 1880, 189 (Long Island, New York, March 4, 1880).—Ripeway, Proc. 
U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880 (Cat. N. Am. Birds), 206,; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 
1881, no. 660.—Raespae, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 187 (Clay Co., 
n. Texas, 1 spec., Dec. 17, 1880).—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 482 
(Massachusetts in winter, rare).—Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 
1882, 257 (Bangor, Franklin Co., New York, 1 spec.).—NeEauez, Proc. Zool. 
Soc. Lond., 1882, 653 (Franz Joseph Land).—E.iiort, Mon. Pribylov Group, 
1882, 132 (breeding at Walrus Inlet; descr. downy young).—Bzan, Proc. 
U.S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 168 (Cape Lisburne, Alaska).—Nertson, Cruise ‘Cor- 
win’ in 1881 (1883), 106 (Bering Sea and adjacent Arctic Ocean; habits, 
etc.).—TaczanowskI, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, 341 (Kamchatka).— 
