BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 603 
Zool., xiii, pt. i, 1826, 186-—Bonaparts, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1828, 
362; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 63.—Wernzr, Atlas, Palmipédes, 1828, 
pl. 17,—Fuemine, Brit. Anim., 1828, 140—Ssnpy, Brit. Birds, ii, 
1833, 507, pl. 97.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., Water Birds, 
1834, 308.—Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vertebr., 1835, 278.—AupuBoN, Orn. 
Biog., iii, 1835, 305, pl. 241; v, 1839, 636; Synopsis, 1839, 329; Birds 
Am., 8voed., vii, 1844, 172, pl. 450.—Eyron, Cat. Brit. Birds, 1836, 53.— 
GovuLp, Birds Europe, v, 1837, pl. 430 and text; Birds Great Brit., v, 1873, 
pl. 55 and text.—Naumann, Vég. Deutschl., x, 1840, 438, pls. 268, 269.— 
Scutnz, Eur. Faun., 1840, 379.—Maceitutvray, Man. Brit. Orn., pt. ii, 1842, 
244; Brit. Birds, v, 1852, 526.—Srtys-Lonecuamps, Faune Belge,1842, 154.— 
YarRReE.t, Brit. Birds, iii, 1843, 471; 2d ed., ili, 1845, 591.—Gray, List Birds 
Brit. Mus., Anseres, 1844, 168; Cat. Brit. Birds, 1863, 231.—ScuimcE., Rev. 
Crit., 1844, p. exxiv; Vog. Nederl., 1854, 596, pls. 343, 344; Dier. Nederl. 
Vogels, 1861, 235; Mus. Pays-Bas, vi, no. 23 (Lari), 1863, 10.—Muuur, Orn. 
Griechenl., 1844, 145.—Giraup, Birds Long Island, 1844, 361.—Hrwitson, 
Eggs Brit. Birds, ii, 1846, 447, pl. 128, fig. 1.—Dzeanp, Orn. Eur., ii, 1849, 
301.—Jarpine, Contr. Orn., 1849, 87 (Bermudas),—RrtcHensacy, Syst. Nat., 
1850, pl. 5; Av. Syst. Nat., Longipennes, 1852, pp. iv, v.—THomrson, 
Birds Ireland, iii, 1851, 377.—KsanrBétiinc, Danm. Fugle, 1852, 324, pl. 
42; Suppl., 1854, pl. 23.—Rernuarpr, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 443 (Green- 
land); Ibis, 1861, 16 (Greenland).—Hrveuin, Syst. Ueb., 1856, 69 (Lower 
Egypt).—Meyer, Brit. Birds, vii, 1857, 159, pl. 310.—CaBanis, Journ. fiir, 
Orn., 1857, 236 (Cuba).—Lawrences, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 
1858, 844; Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1867, 299 (vicinity New York City). — 
Barrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 660.—LinpERMAYER, Vég. Griechenl., 
1860, 177.—Couzs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, 244 (coast Labrador, 
breeding; habits, etc.); 1862, 295 (monogr.); Check List, 1873, no. 546; 2d 
ed., 1882, no. 771; Birds Northwest, 1874, 624 (monogr.).—GUNDLACH, 
Journ, fiir Orn., 1862, 95 (Cuba; crit.)—VeErritt, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 
1862, 159 (breeding on islands in Bay of Fundy).—Matmersn, Journ. fir 
Orn., 1863, 453 (Spitzbergen).—Gray, Cat. Brit. Birds, 1863, 231_—Nrwrton, 
in Baring-Gould’s Iceland, 1863, 418; Arctic Man., 1875, 107 (Greenland, 
63°-68° N.).—Satvaport, Ucc. Sardin., 1864, 180; Faun. Ital.,; Ucc., 1872, 
295; Ucc. Ital., 1887, 287.—Buasrus, Journ. fir Orn., 1865, 379 (crit.).— 
Decianp and GERBE, Orn. Eur., ii, 1867, 413 —Doprrtew, Avil. Sicil., 1869, 
232.—Drostz, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 384 (Faroes); Vogelw. Borkum, 1869, 
353.—F ritscu, Vég. Eur., 1870, 427, pl. 55, fig. 8—Saunpers, Ibis, 1871, 
400 (s. w. Spain); 1884, 39 (s. w. France); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 179 
(monogr.); ed. Yarrell’s Brit. Birds, iii, 1884, 631; Man. Brit. Birds, 1889, 
661; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 241, 458.—Gray (R.), Birds West 
Scotl., 1871, 488.—Gopman, Ibis, 1872, 223 (Allegranza, Canary Islands).— 
Hartine, Handb. Brit. Birds, 1872, 77.—SuNDEvaLL, Svensk. Fogl., 1872, 
pl. 50, fig. 5—Dressrer, Birds Europe, viii, 1872, 427, pl. 604.—Cotert, 
Forh. Selsk. Ohristiania, 1873, 297 (n. Norway).—PaLms&n, Finlands Fogl. 
1873, 601.—MarcuanD, Rev. Zool., 1873, pl. 12 (downy young), Herve in, 
Orn. N. 0.-Afr., Bd. ii, pt. 2, 1873, 1279.—Finscu, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, 
v, 1876, 364 (s. Greenland).—Brooxg, Ibis, 1873, 348 (Sardinia).—Irsy, 
Orn. Straits Gibralt., 1875, 215 —Srrsoum and Harvis-Brown, Ibis, 1876, 
452 (Lower Petchora, Russia) —Mrrriam, Birds Connecticut, 1877, 132, 142, 
146; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 241 (Point de Monts, Quebec, breed- 
ing).—Rem, Zoologist, 1877, 489 (Bermuda); Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 
1884, 265 (Bermuda, Dec., 1851, and Dec. 27, 1862).—Kumuien, Bull. U. 8. 
Nat. Mus., no. 15, 1879, 99 (Greenland, n. to 70° N.).—Ronp, Birds Cornwall, 
