BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 609 
[Larus] cachinnans (not of Pallas) Licurmnsrem, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 
99 (Arabia). 
Larus cachinnans Mrvus, Oefv. K. Vet.-Ak. Forh., 1871,:786 (Cholmogony, 
Dwina).—Heveuin, Orn. N. O.-Afr., Bd. ii, 1873, 1392, part (Somali coast).— 
Meves and Homeyer, Ornis, 1886, 275 (lower Dwina). _ 
Larus (Dominicanus)] cachinnans Brucu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1853, 100. 
[Larus (Laroides)| cachinnans Brucu, Journ. fir Orn., 1855, 282. 
[Clupetlarus] cachinnans Bonaparte, Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 221, part. 
Larus afinis Retnnarpt, Vid. Medd. Nat. Forh. Kjobenhavn, 1853, 78 (Nenor- 
talic, Julianehaab, s. Greenland; coll. Royal Mus. Copenhagen); Journ. fir 
Orn., 1854, 433; Ibis, 1861, 17 (Greenland; crit.) —SzeBonm and Harviz- 
Brown, Ibis, 1876, 452 (Lower Petchora, Russia; crit.).—SaunpeERs, Proc. 
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 171 (monogr.); Journ. Linn. Soc., xiv, 1878, 397 
(range); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxv, 1896, 254.—GArkE, Ibis, 1878, 489 (Helgo- 
land).—Finscu, Ibis, 1879, 111 (Tajo, Lissabon; Katwijk, near Leyden; 
Kamchatka; Macao); Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1879, 268 (w. Siberia).—SxExE- 
BoHM, Ibis, 1879, 162 (Yenesei River, Siberia; habits; range)—Hume, 
Stray Feath., viii, 1879, 115.—Vipat, Stray Feath., ix, 1880, 94 (s. Konkan, 
Malabar).—Butter, Stray Feath., ix, 1880, 439 (Deccan coast).—DreEssER, 
Birds Europe, viii, 1880, 417; Ibis, 1904, 234 (Taimyr Peninsula, Siberia, 
breeding; descr. nest); 1908, 513 (Taimyr Peninsula; descr. nest and eggs, 
etc.).—Sciater and Hartiavs, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, 174 (Socotra 
Island).—Ripaway, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880 (Cat. N. Am. Birds), 
207; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 665.—Covss, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, 
no. 776.—OLPHE-GALLIARD, Ibis, 1885, 236 (Hendaye, s. w. France); Orn. 
Eur. Occid., fasc. x, 1886, 66.—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION, Check 
List, 1886, and 2d ed., 1895, no. 50; 3rd ed., 1910, p. 38.—PLesxe, Mém. 
Acad. St. Petersb. (7), xxxvi, 1888, 56 (Turkestan).—Prarson, Ibis, 1896, 
219 (Kolguev, n. Russia), 224 (Novaya Zemlya); 1898, 203 (Waigats, Dolgoi 
Island, Novaya Zemlya, and Habarova, n. e. Russia).—Pornam, Ibis, 1897, 
106 (Yenesei River, Siberia, breeding; habits; descr. nest and eggs); 1898, 
519 (Yenesei River).—Grant, Novit. Zool., vii, 1900, 270 (s. Arabia).— 
Scuatow, Vogel der Arktis, 1904, 140 (synonymy, range, etc.).—CooKE, 
Bull. 292, U. 8S. Dept. Agric. (Biol. Surv.), 1915, 35, fig. 17 (range and 
migrations). P 
L{arus] afinis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 745.—Ripaway, Man. 
N. Am. Birds, 1887, 29. 
{Larus] affinis Reinnarpt, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 443 (Greenland).—Swarpg, 
Hand-list, i, 1899, 141. 
Larus afinis affinis Lows, Ibis, July, 1914, 397, in text. ee 
Larus fuscus afinis Kennepy, Ibis, Jan., 1917, 31 (North Atlantic, lat. 58° 5’ N., 
long., 1° 01’ E.). 
Larus rufescens Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1854, 211 (Red Sea). 
[Clupetlarus] fuscescens (not Dominicanus fuscescens Bruch, 1853) Bonaparte, 
Consp. Av., ii, 1857, 221. 
Larus leucophaeus (not of Lichtenstein) Hrue.tn, Ibis, 1859, 349 (Somali coast 
and Gulf of Aden); in Petermann’s Mitth., 1861, 29 (Red Sea). . 
Larus, sp.? Hevauiy, Ibis, 1872, 65 (Novaya Zemlya; Waigats). 
Larus occidentalis (not of Audubon) Hume, Stray Feath., 1873, 273 (n. w. coast 
India); 1876, 414 (Bombay). 
Larus marinus (not of Linneus) Atston and Harviz-Brown, Ibis, 1873, 52 
(lower Dwina River). 
Larus borealis (not of Bruch, ex Brandt, 1853) SzeBonm, Ibis, 1882, 386 
(Archangel, Russia; Solovetsk Island, breeding; habits). 
40017—19—Bull. 50; pt 8——40 
