BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 621 
secondaries, and proximal primaries passing into white terminally, 
the white tips to secondaries about 20.5 mm. wide); outermost 
primary black, abruptly tipped with white (for about 51 mm.), with 
or without a black subterminal bar or spot; second primary (from 
outside) black, abruptly tipped with white, usually with a second 
white spot or ‘‘mirror”’ within the distal portion of the black; third 
primary black, abruptly tipped with white, the black passing into 
gray basally; fourth primary gray (darker than back, etc.) for about 
basal half, then black, abruptly tipped with white; fifth primary 
similar to fourth but the black more restricted and more abruptly 
defined against the gray; sixth primary lighter gray (like back), 
passing into white terminally and crossed by a subterminal band of 
black; remaining (proximal) primaries neutral gray, lke wing- 
coverts, etc., broadly but not sharply tipped with white; bill, yellow 
(greenish yellow to chrome) the subterminal third of mandible red 
(orange-red to carmine), with a more or Jess distinct spot of blackish 
within or immediately in front of the red, and one directly above it 
on the maxilla, the tip of which is sometimes grayish white; rictus 
and naked eye-ring vermilion red; iris dark brown; legs and feet 
pale grayish green.* 
Adults in winter.—Similar to summer adults, but pileum, sides of 
head, hindneck, and sides of neck broadly streaked with grayish 
brown. 
Young.—Upper parts coarsely and irregularly spotted with 
grayish brown and grayish buffy white, in nearly equal amounts, 
the whitish on margins of the feathers and forming broad irregular 
bars, mostly on sub-basal portion of feathers; primary coverts, 
remiges, and rectrices blackish or dusky, the first narrowly tipped 
with white, the lateral rectrices with irregular broken bars of the 
same; head, neck, and under parts mottled or clouded with grayish 
brown or brownish gray and grayish white, the former predominating 
on head and neck, where nearly uniform on hindneck; bill dusky, 
black terminally, brownish basally; iris brown; legs and feet brownish 
(in dried skins). 
Downy young.—General color grayish white, purer white and 
immaculate on central under parts; head with black or blackish 
markings (irregular spots) of indefinite or complicated arrangement, 
most numerous on upper portion; upper parts clouded with dusky 
gray. 
Adult male.—Wing, 381-428 (407.1); tail, 140-163 (154.3); exposed 
culmen, 44.5-54.5 (49.8); depth of bill at gonydeal angle, 15-18.5 
(17.1); tarsus, 51.5-63 (57.2); middle toe, 46-55 (51.2).° 
o Fresh colors of breeding birds obtained by the author at Pyramid Lake, Nevada. 
b Eight specimens. 
