BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. "87 
1839, 343; Birds Am., 8vo. ea., vii, 1844, 238, pl. 464.—Maceiziivray, Brit. 
Birds, v, 1852, 365.—Scuinz, Nat. Vég., 1853, 344.—Cougs, Proc. Ac. Nat. 
Sci. Phila., 1861, 251 (coast Labrador; habits, etc.).—Firzinerr, Atlas Nat. 
Vég., 1864, fig. 4.—Lawrencz, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1867, 300 (vicinity New 
York City)—Frirscn, Nat. Vég. Eur., 1870, 492, pl. 57, fig. 4—PaLmMsn, 
Journ. fiir Orn., 1876, 65 (Finland).—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1881, 
498.—SamueEts, Nests and Eggs N. Am. Birds, 1883, 566.—SuUNDEVALL, 
Svensk. Fogl., iii, 1885, 972, pl. 52, fig. 1. 
Mormon arctica Cassin, in Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 903—Barrp, 
Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 715.—Reinnarpr, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 442 
(Greenland).—VerRILL, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 160 (coast Maine, resi- 
dent; breeding on islands about Grand Menan). 
L{unda] arctica Keyserune and Buastus, Wirb. Eur., 1840, pp. xcii, 236. 
Lunda arctica Naumann, Vég. Deutschl., xii, 1844, 577, pl. 335.—Scutecer, Mus. 
Pays. Bas, vi, no. 33 (Urinatores), 1867, 28 —Branpt, Mélang. Biol., vii, 
1869, 241. 
Asia artica BoppAERT, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 17, pl. 275. 
[Alca] deleta Briwnicu, Orn. Bor., 1764, 25 (Iceland;= young). 
[Alca] labradorica Guertin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. ii, 1789, 550 (Labrador; based on 
Labrador Auk. Pennant, Arct. Zool., ii, p. 512;=young).—BoNNATERRE, 
Tabl. Encycl. Méth., i, 1790, 33. 
Alca labradorica Viztttot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xviii, 1817, 333. 
[Alca] labradora LatHam, Index Orn., ii, 1790, 793. 
Alca canogularis MeYER and Wor, Taschenb. Vég. Deutschl., 1810, 442. 
Mormon fratercula Temminck, Man. d’Orn., 1815, 614; 2d ed., pt. ii, 1820, 933; 
pt. iv, 1840, 580.—Mryer, App. to Meyer and Wollf’s Taschenb., 1822, 177.— 
Scurtnz, Nat. Abbild. Vég., 1833, 372, pl. 130; Eur. Faun., i, 1840, 362.—H6L- 
BOLL, Naturhist. Tidskr., iv, 1843, 456 (Greenland).—KsaERBOLLING, Danm. 
Fugle, 1852, 412, pl. 53, fig. 3—LtrKken, Ornis. 1885, 142; 1886, 97 (Den- 
mark),—Tscuusi and Homeryer, Ornis, 1886, 174 (local names).—GRONDAL, 
Ornis, 1886, 367, 613 (Iceland); 1887, 600, 602, 606.—Koernie, Journ. fiir Orn., 
1893, 105 (Tunis). 
Mormon polaris Breum, Isis, 1826, 985 (Greenland); Handb. Vég. Deutschl., 
1831, 999. 
Mormon grabae Breum, Handb. Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 999, pl. 46, fig. 1 (Faroes, 
etc.).—OLPHE-GALLIARD, Ibis, 1875, 267.—Vian, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i, 
1876, 4. 
Uria troile (not Colymbus troille Linnzeus) Wricut, Ibis, 1864, 42, 157 (Malta). 
Mormon glacialis Temminck, Man. d’Orn., 2d ed., pt. ii, 1820, 933; ed. 1840, pt. 
iv, 579 (northern coasts of America) —WERNER, Atlas Ois. Eur., 1828, pl. 
100.—Bonararts, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, 1828 (‘‘Synopsis’’), 429; Geog. and 
‘Comp. List, 1838, 66.—Breum, Handb. Vég. Deutschl., 1831, 998.—Nut- 
TALL, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 541.—Cassin, in Baird, 
Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 903.—Batrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, 
no. 714.—Fritscu, Nat. Vég. Eur., 1870, 493 —Heveutn, Journ. fiir Orn., 
1871, 105 (n. Europe). 
Fratercula glacialis Steruens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., xiii, pt. 1, 1826, 40, pl. 4, fig. 2.— 
Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., iii, Anseres, 1844, 153 —Dzcianp, Orn. Eur., 
ii, 1849, 523, part—Rernuarpr, Ibis, 1861, 15 (Greenland) —Covszs, Proc. 
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 23 (monogr.).—Ex.iot, Illustr. New and Unfig. 
N. Am. Birds, ii, 1869, pl. 65 and text —Brooxg, Ibis, 1873, 348 (Sardinia).— 
Bureau, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii, 1877, 393, pl. 5, figs. 1, 2 (molt of orna- 
ments of bill), Parson, Ibis, 1898, 207 (Novaya Zemlya), 
