CHAP. X AILMENTS AND DISEASES 117 
weakened by rasping. For cart horses, if caulking 
is necessary, the caulks should be the same height 
as the toe-piece. 
Lameness in Horses 
For the purpose of examining a horse as to the 
soundness of his feet and limbs his step may be 
divided into four separate actions, namely— 
(1) The “ lift” —The moment the foot leaves the 
ground. 
(2) The “step ’’"—The moment the foot comes 
forward in lifting or falling. 
(3) The “pose”——The moment the foot reaches 
the ground. 
(4) The “rest”—The time during which the foot 
is placed on the ground and receives some of 
the body’s weight. 
In a sound horse these four movements are equal 
when he walks or trots with his head free, but pain 
will make the “lift” quicker, the time of the “step” 
longer, the “ pose” slower, and the “rest” as quick 
as possible. It is usually easy enough, if the lameness 
is well marked, to see that the horse is lame, and 
where or when he is lame, but in slight lameness it 
is often difficult to detect the seat or cause. 
In such cases, the horse should be trotted slowly 
at first on hard ground, with his head as free as 
possible, and the “pose” of the sound as well as of 
the suspected leg watched carefully ; he should be 
turned round to the near side and afterwards to the 
