GLANDERS. 263 



the microscope each of these points is found to be made up 

 of granulation tissue, consisting of small round cells very 

 like leucocytes or lymph corpuscles, a few larger nucleated 

 cells, with here and there fragments of disintegrating con- 

 nective tissue. After a time, as the nodules become rather 

 larger, the centre assumes a yellowish appearance, or ~small 

 opaque points may be seen, and ultimately at these points we 

 have the tissue breaking down into soft, pulpy, or caseous, 

 purulent material. The small nodules met with in the 

 early stages of the disease, are usually surrounded by a deeply- 

 congested area, and if they occur in the nostril the mucous 

 membrane covering them is greatly congested, and there is 

 great discharge of water, or of very watery " matter," from 

 the nostril. As the nodules become softened in the centre, 

 ulceration of the tissues near the surface takes place, the 

 softened centre escapes, and a " punched-out " ulcer is left. 

 These ulcers may gradually run into one another, and from 

 the fact that the mucous membrane is congested and thick- 

 ened, the loss of tissue seems to be very great — much greater 

 than it really is. Along the lines of the lymphatics, and in 

 the lymphatic glands communicating with the ulcerating 

 surfaces, there is great inflammation and induration, what are 

 known as "farcy-pipes " being formed. Here just the same 

 processes are carried on as when the disease occurs in the 

 mucous membrane, in the lungs and in the glands at its root, 

 the lymphatics being of course similarly affected. It will thus 

 be seen that glanders resembles, in a most remarkable man- 

 ner, certain other infective diseases already described, such as 

 leprosy, tubercle, actinomycosis, &c., and, as a matter of fact, 

 numerous observations were early made with the view of 

 proving, first, that this was really the case ; and, secondly, 

 that the contagious element was a contagium vivum, and 

 probably a form of micro-organism. Chauveau, as early 

 as 1869, inferred from a series of interesting and most 

 ingenious experiments that the poison was particulate in 

 character, and was, very probably, present in the leucocytes. 

 In December, 1882, Loffler and Schutz made known the 

 results of experiments by which they had been able to demon- 

 strate the presence of a bacillus which appeared to have 

 a distinct causal relation to the disease ; and about the same 

 time Bouchard, Capitan, and Charrin also described an 

 organism in glanders — an organism, however, the charac- 



