92 FOOT-NOTES TO EVOLUTION. 
Altruism expresses itself in all that make the human 
life sane, joyous, effective. Science is herself a con- 
summate result of the altruism of the ages, whereby no 
man’s experiences belong to himself alone, but become 
part of the heritage of those who follow him. Human 
‘institutions have grown out of the social instinct. They 
are the fossils of past altruism. All forms of art, litera- 
ture, music, religion, arise and are developed through 
mutual help. And while the relations of altruism tend 
to limit the freedom of the individual, it is only through 
such limitations that the individual can develop in 
security or in realfreedom. 
In the very beginnings of life appear the beginnings 
of altruism. Among the one-celled animals or pro- 
tozoa is seen the rela- 
tion of mutual help. 
In the conjugation of 
cells among these crea- 
tures appear the begin- 
nings of the gigantic 
fact of sex. By this pro- 
cess two minute one- 
celled creatures come 
together, and part of the 
hereditary substance of 
the one is exchanged 
for that of the other. 
After this exchange 
neither the one nor th 
other is exactly what it 
was before. The results of this change are propagated 
in the descendants of each. The ultimate purpose of 
the exchange is to produce and promote variety in life. 
That is the ultimate purpose of the whole sex relation. 
From the beginning to the end it is essentially altruistic, 
Fic. 4.—Conjugation of infusoria. 
