04 FOOT-NOTES TO EVOLUTION. 
by which life is continued and renewed in an endless 
chain which death has never broken. The aggregation 
of cells gives rise to all that makes life effective. But 
the division of labour and specialization of parts brings 
death to the individual. Sooner or later the correlation 
of parts must be broken and the outworn individual 
must give place to one freshly formed. 
The gains through altruism as a factor in evolution 
can not be overstated. Love and kindness, specializa- 
tion and adaptation, instinct and intelligence—all these 
belong to its biological results. In human society 
mutual help has given science, which is the garnered 
wisdom of society. It has given art, education, religion. 
All these are in one way or another related to the good 
or pleasure of others. From altruism institutions arise, 
and institutions bring security and effectiveness, 
To all this there is, of necessity, another side. All 
the gifts of the gods have some drawback connected 
with them. This is the so-called law of compensation. 
Mutual help leads to mutual dependence. Combination 
destroys absolute freedom in making freedom worth 
having. Alliances degrade as well as help, for the needs 
and functions of the individual are lost in those of the 
alliance. The single cell is self-sufficient, independent, 
and, until altruisic relations come in, immortal. As 
Weismann has shown, the subdivision of the single cell, 
by which it divides into two similar cells, is not homol- 
ogous with death. Death is a necessary attribute of 
compound animals only. It is the price paid for special- 
ization. If it be true, as is claimed, that the cells pre- 
vented from conjugation ultimately die a natural death, 
still this death is a price paid for altruism. It did not 
exist before combination became possible. 
In like fashion the growth of society has abridged 
the freedom of the individual man in making that free- 
