Xx. 
THE EVOLUTION OF THE MIND. 
‘Three roots bear up dominion, Knowledge, Will, 
: The third, Obedience, the great tap-root of all.” 
LowELL. 
THE mind, in the sense in which I shall use the word 
here, is the collective function of the sensorium or brain 
of man and animals. It is the sum total 
of all psychic changes, actions, and re- 
actions. Under the head of psychic 
functions are included all operations of 
the nervous system, as well as operations of like nature 
which take place in creatures without specialized nerve 
fibres or nerve cells, 
As thus defined, mental operations are not neces- 
sarily or exclusively conscious. With the lower animals 
nearly all of them are automatic and un- 
conscious. Even with man, most of them 
must be so. But between the automatic 
and the conscious actions no sharp line of division ex- 
ists. Consciousness is not an entity but a condition. 
It stands related to mind much as flame is related to 
fire. All functions of the nervous system are alike in 
essential nature, and from the present point of view may 
be considered together. 
It is a recognised law in biology that “function pre- 
cedes structure.” To define this law more exactly we 
256 
Mind the sum 
total of psychic 
changes. 
Mind not 
consciousness. 
