MEADOWS AND PASTURES 19 
dressing of manure the previous winter or spring, in 
which case it is hardly necessary to manure again at 
this stage. Where there is a deficiency of manure, 
as in some parts of the East, a dressing of phosphate 
is usually applied to the land and harrowed in just be- 
fore the wheat is sown, or even with the wheat. 
As elsewhere stated, it is better practice to sow 
timothy and clover alone in the late summer or early 
fall. Oat-stubble is well suited for this purpose, espe- 
cially in the northern tier of States. In the region of 
the Ohio River it is possible to grow a catch crop in 
summer, such as millet or cow-peas, before seeding to 
grass in the fall. In either case it is a good plan to 
manure the land, the quantity required depending on 
the fertility of the soil before breaking up for grass. 
Plowing done at this season should be fairly deep—say, 
seven to nine inches. It is highly important to secure 
a good tilth before sowing the grass-seed. If the soil 
is inclined to be stiff, as most clay soils are, the disk- 
harrow is a very useful implement in putting it in shape 
for sowing. On loose soils the common drag-harrow is 
sufficient. In the Middle South, where orchard-grass, 
redtop, tall meadow oat-grass, and meadow-fescue 
partially replace timothy, more care is required in pre- 
paring grass-lands.than in most other parts of the 
country. Here much of the soil has been exhausted 
by the continuous cultivation of cotton and corn, and 
barn-yard manure is frequently not available. The 
practice of subsoiling has become very general in this 
section. 
The usual manner of subsoiling is to run a 
‘‘scooter’’ in the furrow behind the turning-plow. 
