178 ZOOLOGY. 



The nervous system is very simple, consisting of a rather 

 large ganglion situated behind one wing of the velum, and 

 lying just under an eye-spot. A supposed organ of hearing, 

 consisting of a sac filled with calcareous matter, is attached 

 to the ganglion. 



The sexes are distinct, and the male and female reproduc- 

 tive glands open iuto the cloaca. The sexes are, moreover, 

 remarkably unlike, the males being much smaller than the 

 females, rudimentary, sac-Hke in form, without any digestive 

 sac, and are very short-lived. Some Kotifers produce what 

 are called winter as well as shimmer eggs ; the former being, 

 as in some Turbellarian worms and Polyzoa, covered with a 

 hard shell to resist the extremes of the winter temperature. 

 The summer eggs develop without being fertilized, while the 

 winter eggs are fertilized, those of Lacinularia, however, 

 according to Huxley, not being impregnated. 



The eggs of Brachionus are attached by a stalk to the 

 hinder part of the body of the female. The following 

 remarks apply to the mode of development of the fe- 

 male eggs, which are quite distinguishable from the mas- 

 culine ones. The eggs undergo total segmentation, and 

 the outer layer of cells resulting from subdivision forms 

 tlie blastoderm, and Avlien this is developed the forma- 

 tion of the organs begins. The first occurrence is an in- 

 folding of the blastoderm (ectoderm) forming the primitive 

 mouth, which remains permanently open, the mouth not 

 opening at the opposite end as in Sagitta, but the entire de- 

 velopment of the germ is much as in the mollusk Calyptrma, 

 as Salensky often compares the earliest phases of devel- 

 opment of this Eotifer with those of that mollusk. The 

 "trochal disk," or velum, arises in certain mollusks, 

 as a swelling on each side of the primitive infolding. 

 There is soon formed at the bottom of the primitive in- 

 folding a new hole or infolding of the ectoderm, which is 

 the trae mouth and pharynx, while a swelling just behind 

 the moutli becomes the under lip. The stomach and intes- 

 tine arise originally from the endoderm. 



Soon after, the two wings of the velum become well 

 marked (Fig. 123, v), and their relation to the head is as 



