513 



ZOOLOGY. 



The Ichthyosaurs were colossal reptiles from two to thirteen 

 metres (six to f ortj feet) in length, swimming in the ocean by- 

 four paddle-like limbs consisting of six rows of digital bones 



Fie. 448.— Skall of Ichthyosaurus ; lateral view. Pmx, premaxlllary bone ; Hx; 

 maxillary ; 2^, iiasal ; Fr, frontal ; Prf, jirefrontal ; Pof, postfrontal ; Pa, parietal 

 i, lachrymal ; M, malar ; Qj, qaadratojngal ; Q, quadrate ; Feb, poetorbital ; S^ 

 equamosal ; D, dentary ; Arig, angnlar ; Artt articular ; 8, Ar, eubarticular ; Pier 

 pterygoid.— After Cope. 



the head was very large, the neck very short, and the orbits 

 were enormous ; the vertebrsB were remarkably .short and bi- 

 (^ concave. They were carniv- 



orous, and powerful swiia- 

 mers, and common in the Ju- 

 rassic seas of Europe ; one- 

 form existed in the Jurassic- 

 times in Wyoming. 



Order ?. Tlieromorpha. — 

 This order is divided into tha- 

 Pelycosauria and Ano/no- 

 clontia. The beaked Saurians: 

 were somewhat lizard-like, but 

 Fig. 449.-Post»rior view of the sknii of were Synthetic tvpc;. combin- 



IchthyO'aiiris ; lettering as in Fig 443, . . , , i " r i 



with lollowing additions ; Bo, basiocci- ing the characters of the Ich- 



pital ; Exo. Exoccipital ; Sun. O, snpra- ,, ,, , , ,, 



occipital ; Obo, opiathotic ; Stop, snpra- thVOSaUl'S, the turtles, the- 



stapedial or hyomandibular.— After Cope. 07 1 -^1 j.i i t 



Sphenomn, with those of liz- 

 ards, Dinosaurians, and crocodiles. The skull was short, 

 and in Dicynodon the jaws in front had the nipping, horny 

 beak of a turtle, while from behind in the upper jaw pro- 

 truded two long, curved, canine teeth. Dicynodon figricepit 

 Owen, had a skull about half a metre ("20 inches) long. 



