TETRAONIDA. — CXLIX. 251 
Orper XXXIX. GALLINA. (Tuer GALiinacrous 
Brrps.) 
Bill short, stout, convex, horny, not constricted ; nostrils scaled 
or feathered; cutting edge of upper mandible overlapping the 
lower. Head often partly or wholly naked, sometimes with fleshy 
processes. Legs moderate, stout; hind toe elevated (excepting in 
Cracide), smaller than the other toes, sometimes wanting. Feet 
usually slightly webbed. Tarsus broadly scutellate (sometimes 
feathered), occasionally spurred in the males; claws blunt, not 
much curved. Wings short, strong, concave; tail various, some- 
times wanting, often immensely developed. Palate schizognathous, 
nasal bones schizorhinal; basipterygoid processes present. Preco- 
cial, often polygamous, terrestrial in habit and hence sometimes 
called Rasores or Scratchers. 
A large order including the chief game birds of most countries, 
as well as most kinds of domesticated fowl. The Hen (Gallus 
gallus), the Guinea Hen (Numida pucherani), and the Peacock 
(Pavo cristatus), are familiar examples of the order. All these are 
now placed with the common turkey in the Old World family, 
Phasianide. (Lat., gallus, cock.) 
Families of Galline, 
a. Hind toe short, small, inserted above level of the others. 
6. Tarsus without spurs; head feathered (or nearly so) and tail not vaulted. 
TETRAONID, 149. 
6b. Tarsus with spurs in g'; head often largely naked, the tail often vaulted. 
PHASIANID&, 150. 
Famity CXLIX. TETRAONIDA. (THE Grovse.) 
Hind toe small, short; tarsus without spurs; head nearly or 
quite feathered; tail not vaulted. Genera 12; species about 25. 
Game birds abounding in northern regions; the grouse mostly N. 
American. (Lat., tetrao, grouse.) 
uw. Tarsus bare, scutellate; nostril unfeathered, with a naked scale; sides of 
toes not pectinate (Perdicine). 
6. Head not crested; lower mandible with its tomia serrate toward the tip. 
Coutnus, 404. 
aa. Tarsus and nostrils more or less feathered; sides of toes pectinate in win- 
ter (Tetraonine). 
c. Tarsus feathered about half way; tail fan-shaped, of 18 broad, soft 
feathers; neck witharuff. . . . . . » « « » Bonasa, 406. 
cc. Tarsus feathered to the toes. 
d. Tail more than half wing, rounded or even; no ruff or peculiar 
feathers on neck. 
e. Toes naked; plumage not white. . . . . DENDRAGApus, 405. 
ee. Toes feathered ; winter plumage chiefly snow-white. 
Lacorvs, 407. 
