31 6 FIRST LESSONS IN ZOOLOGY 



queens to hibernate and establish new communities in 

 the spring. 



The yellow-jackets (fig. 247) and hornets ( Vespida;), the 

 so-called social wasps, have a life-history very like that of 

 the bumble-bees. The communities of the social wasps 

 are larcjer and their nests are often made above ground. 



ViG. 24S. — N\--t of \'(.-ll(>\v-i:iclvtis ( ^'i-vy-'/) Lut njieii to show coniltp \\ithin. 

 (About oiK'-tliird ii.Ltur:il size; ]")]iotot^q-:iph froni sjiecinicii. } 



being composed of several combs, one abo\-e the other, 

 and all inclosed in a manj'-la^'ercd co\'ering sac open 

 onl\' b}' a small liolc at the bottom (fig. 248). This kiml 

 of nest hangs from the branch of a tree and is built of 

 wasp-paper, which is a pulp made from bits of old ^\'ood 

 chewed b}' the workers. The brood-cells are pro\isioned 

 with killcrl and chewed insects, the lar\'a- of both soli- 

 tary and social wasps living on animal foc.d, \\liile the 

 larvie of both solitary and sr)cial bees arc fed on llower- 

 pollen and hone}-. As with the bumble-bees, all the 



