STORKS AGKICULTUKAL EXrERIilENT STATION. 337 



101. Buds conspicuously bright yellow with minute glandular dots; 

 terminal buds elongated, flattened; bud-scales 4-6, valvate in pairs. 

 Dltternut (Carya cordiformis) p.408 



101. Buds not conspicuously bright yellow-dotted; terminal buds ovate; 

 bud-scales, 10 or more, overlapping, or the outermost on lateral 

 buds usually forming a closed sac soon splitting from the top; 

 inner scales hairy 102 



102. Buds small, terminal buds 6-10 mm. long, their outer darker scales 

 generally somewhat glandular dotted, but not conspicuously 

 yellow; outer scales often falling and exposing downy scales 

 beneath; twigs smooth, comparatively slender; bark not at all or 

 but slightly shagg\' Pignut (Carya glabrajp.4l)6 



102. Buds large, the terminal buds S-1.5 mm. long, ovate, nearly or 

 quite glandless; twigs stout, often downy toward tip 103 



103. Bark not shaggy: terminal buds broadly ovate to spherical, outer 

 scales soon falling off entire, exptjsing pale yellowish-gray silky 

 scales beneath Mockermit (Carya alba)p.404 



103. Bark distinctly shaggy; terminal buds elongated ovate, outer 

 scales persisting thrciugl"! winter but shagging off in pieces from 

 their apex downward Sbaj^-burk Hickory {Carya oiata)i>AO~ 



THE BIRCHES 

 Betula. 



Eark smooth, in some species peeling- into papery layers but not flaky; 

 lenticels becoming- conspicuously horizontally elongated with age; 

 leaf-scars alternate, 2-ranked. semi-oval to crescent-shaped; stipule- 

 scars narrow, often inconspicuous; bundle-scars 3 rather inconspicuous; 

 fruit a flat seed-like body borne in catkins, staminate catkins generally 

 present on the tree in winter. 



104. Bark close, not easily separated into thin papery layers 105 



104. Bark easily separated into thin papery layers and generally peel- 

 ing spontaneously 106 



105. Bark dark reddish brown; twigs with strong wintergreen taste. 

 Itlnok Birch (Betula Ze/ifajp.414 



105. Bark chalky-white; twigs without wintergreen taste, generally 

 roughened with resinous dots. Gray Birch (Betula populifoliajp.4'24) 



106. Outer layers of bark chalky-white 107 



106. Outer layers of bark not chalky-white 108 



107. Native species Paper Birch (Betula alba, var. papyrif era )p.4'2- 



107. European species European White Birch (Betula aWa)p.-i'24 



lOS. Bark reddish-brown to light pink; rare and local in New Hamp- 

 shire and Massachusetts, occasionally cultivated 



Red Birch (Betula nigra) p.418 



lOS. Bark dirty-yellow; common throughout New England 



Yellow Birch (Betula luteajp.416 



THE OAKS 



Quercus. 



The Oaks form a large genus, of which 52 are North American. Of 

 these, 12 are native to New England. Buds clustered at ends of twigs, 

 more or less 5-sided pyramidal, covered with 5 rows of closely over- 

 lapping brownish scales. Leaf-scars concave to rounded above, rounded 

 at base, generally broader than high and raised with a ridge more or 

 less well marked, decurrent from lower edge, the ridges from the 5 

 ranks of leaf-scars causing twig to be more or less 5-angled especially 

 when dried. Bundle-scars irregularly scattered, inconspicuous. Stipule- 

 sears inconspicuous. Pith of cut twig 5-pointed, star-shaped. Cross- 

 section of branch or trunk showing layers of large, porous spring wood 

 alternating with dense layers of summer wood. Medullary rays of wood 

 very prominent, showing as radial lines in cross section of a log, 

 also generally showing prominently, especially through a hand-lens, on 

 cut end of stout branch let of several years growth. Fruit an acorn 

 inclosed in a scaly cup. Dead leaves often persistent on the tree 

 during winter. 



